Analysis of two speeches Obama and Bono

I have chosen to look at two speeches, one given by Barack Obama and another given by Bono. Both are very important leaders with their own kind of political influence. By choosing these speeches with a serious content (education and the third world) and both addressing the same kind of audience (students), I will be able to give an useful comparison in terms of leadership and emotional intelligence. Barack Obama's †Back to school† speech In his speech to the nation’s students (from kindergarten to 12th grade) President Barack Obama tries to stress the importance of getting an education and the responsibilities students have themselves.Addressing children ranging from 6 years to 18 years of age is a difficult task and Obama employs various strategies (both leadership and emotional) in order to get his message across to as many as possible. First of all, he talks directly to his listeners and makes sure they see him as a peer they can identify with and not only as th e President of the United States, which exemplifies his social skills. Secondly, he uses an informal style, a simple language, many repetitions, plenty of diverse concrete examples they can relate to, and he speaks to their patriotic feelings and their sense of responsibility.Obama’s main challenge with his target group is their size and diversity, and he therefore has to employ several strategies in order to reach as many as possible. In order to quickly get his listeners’ attention, he starts out by speaking directly to them, â€Å"Hello everyone – how’s everybody doing today? † A key element in getting the message across is that he gets the students’ attention, and that he then holds on to it. One way of doing this is by addressing them at eye level. He gets them to identify with him, respect him and deem him credible and then shows them that he genuinely cares about their situation (empathy).Obama does this by beginning the speech with a necdotes from his own life. He tells them how he was raised by a single mother, who could not afford to send him to the same schools as the other children, and how she homeschooled him at 4. 30 in the morning. He also tells them how he got into trouble and did things that he is not proud of. By sharing these rather personal stories of struggle and adversity, Obama uses his emotional intelligence in order to gain credibility in their eyes. Listening to someone who you respect and who you believe is credible makes it a lot easier to accept the messages and values that they speak of.After having established contact with his listeners, Obama starts conveying his message and values to the students. Obama’s main message of the speech comes in two parts. Firstly, he says that getting an education is the student’s own responsibility. Parents, teachers and the government also have a responsibility (he takes on the responsibility as a leader of the nation), but at the end of the day, â€Å"none of it will matter unless all of you fulfill your responsibilities†. In this argument, Obama tries to speak to the students’ conscience and sense of responsibility.He shows them how so many people already have done so much for them, and that it is now their turn to do something; namely to take responsibility for their own education. Secondly, Obama talks about the responsibility towards the US. Not only do the students have a responsibility towards themselves, they also have a responsibility towards their country. Here the political aspect of the speech appears. The United States cannot function or compete in the future if there are no qualified people to fill the many functions a society has, such as nurses, doctors, senators etc., â€Å"What you’re learning in school today will determine whether we as a nation can meet our greatest challenges in the future. †This leadership argument speaks to the listeners’ patriotic feelings. Mos t Americans are raised to be patriotic, and this is something Obama takes advantage of on several occasions in his speech with great success. Every one of the students carry the responsibility towards their country, â€Å"We need every single one of you to develop your talents, skills and intellect †¦ If you don’t do that – if you quit on school – you’re not just quitting on yourself, you’re quitting on your country† (leadership).At the center of the speech is the idea that education is paramount to getting a successful life and that everybody has the opportunity to succeed. Obama stresses that, â€Å"[e]very single one of you has something you’re good at. Every single one of you has something to offer. † and with some hard work and dedication the sky is the limit according to Obama. It seems as if Obama is truly concerned about the students, but the politics are easy to spot. Obama needs strong students in order to succes sfully run the country.During this part of the speech Obama motivates and inspires his listeners by showing them some of the key values he believes in (motivation and self-awareness). Hard work and dedication is one value he stresses as most important. In this part he indirectly refers to the American dream that implies that if you work hard you can achieve anything. Here Obama uses the American cultural heritage of the American dream in his rhetoric, â€Å"Where you are right now doesn’t have to determine where you’ll end up. No one’s written your destiny for you. Here in America, you write your own destiny. You make your own future.†To further build on this motivational argument he offers several concrete examples of people who have had poor conditions, and who still have made it, through hard work and dedication. The examples are himself and his wife, Michelle Obama, who have both had difficult odds, but made it anyhow, and three cases he has found for the occasion, Jazmin Perez, Andoni Schultz and Shantell Steve. These three people have all overcome difficult odds and are living proof of how the American dream is obtainable if only you are willing to work hard, set goals for yourself and not give up, â€Å"Jazmin, Andoni and Shantell aren’t any different from any of you.They faced challenges in their lives just like you do. But they refused to give up. They chose to take responsibility for their education and set goals for themselves. † Obama uses rhetoric in order to get his political message across. By using a simple language, addressing the students at eye level, employing leadership and emotional arguments and using several concrete examples (i. e. that he has weaknesses himself (self-evaluation)) he is able to reach a broad audience and show them what values he perceives to be the most important and by that inspire and motivate them. Bono’s commencement speech at Harvard UniversityPaul David Hewson, mos tly known as Bono from U2, has given his life to music, but also to charity. This is expressed in his very personal speech at Harvard University. Bono approaches the students at the commencement at Harvard University, and asks for their help to make America a great country and to help people in need. Bono begins his speech by introducing himself. He actually starts to criticize people like himself. Bono is talking about rock stars and singers, and says that singers contain a very big ego. This statement is a little paradoxical, because Bono is a singer and a rock star himself (self-awareness).Afterwards he is making clear that he is not just a singer, but also a father and a friend of dogs. The problem or conflict Bono is bringing up through his speech is mostly about Africa and the poor (the third world). He mentions the conflict, which has taken place in connection with sending money to some of the poorest countries of the world. When money is send to a third world country, it is not necessarily the poorest and the sickest people who get the money, because of the countries’ great debts. Bono finds this extreme problematic, and is therefore asking the students for their help.He thinks that the smart people at Harvard are needed to work this problem out. His argumentation for the importance of this cause is its influence on world history. He appeals to them and tries to motivate them by telling the sad story of the third world (motivation). Many people in third world countries dies e. g. of AIDS and HIV, because they do not get the money there is sent as help. He is mentioning that this holocaust, as he says, in Africa will be remembered forever, along with the internet. This argumentation is the climax of the speech.He brings up subjects who are very frail, and this is the point during speech, in which the listeners are paying most attention. During the speech at Harvard University Bono is appealing to the listeners feelings. In that way he uses emotio nal intelligence a lot. Already from the beginning he is trying make like a personal bond between him and the audience. He is talking about is personal life, which makes the speech a little informal and tries to make the audience forget the pedestal that most of them have put him on. This makes the listeners feel comfortable in his presence, and let them met him at eye level (social skills).The subject he brings up is mostly including death and diseases. The third world conditions are in advance much discussed, and the discussions are typically very emotional. Bono is mentioning the conditions as an â€Å"African holocaust†. Even the word â€Å"holocaust† is enough to bring up bad memories and associations about World War II. To speak of the African problems by using a word like holocaust, both attracts people’s attention but also fills them with horror – again he is appealing to the emotions of his listeners. People are maybe finding the death in Africa hard to relate to.But when Bono is talking about holocaust every man and woman knows the grade of seriousness and importance of the cause. The message of his speech is about brotherly love, charity and helping people in need. Bono is saying himself that he wants to ask the people at Harvard University for help. Help to make life better for people in the third world. By this he as a leader encourage them to take responsibility. He tries to guide them in the direction he thinks they should be guided (leadership). Comparison of the two speeches Both speeches start of by trying to meet the audience at eye level in order to inspire and motivate the audience.Both Obama and Bono succeed in doing this by making a rather humoristic intro before turning to the reel content of the political messages in the speeches. If this connection was not established, the political message would never get across to the rather difficult audience. The ability to establish this connection with an audience, an employee or a client is a sign of both good leadership skills and good emotional intelligence. Both Obama and Bono are very assertive in their speeches, but in very different ways. It is obvious that Bono is a rock star (who by nature exudes assertiveness) and not a politician like Obama.The Bono speech is written without a lot of foreign and long words, the language is very common, he uses little rhetoric, when getting his political messages across, which is all in oppose to the Obama speech. Obama uses long and intellectual words to promote his trustworthiness. Bono also uses a kind of slang when he says: â€Å"I’ve seen great minds and prolific imaginations disappear up their own ass (†¦)†. No one, especially not the President of The United states of America, besides a famous rock star, would be expressing themselves like that.Bono attracts the listeners’ attention by doing this, and he gets away with it, because of the entertainer and person he is. But it is definitely not something that a reel company leader would do in order to get his employees to follow him and his ideas. Obama shows a great deal of his emotional skills by letting in on his own weaknesses. Obama is the situational leader who guides his audience on what they must do and how they should do it, which you need to be, when you are the President of the United States of America. Bono I would characterize as a transformational leader (charismatic and inspirational). Analysis of two speeches Obama and Bono I have chosen to look at two speeches, one given by Barack Obama and another given by Bono. Both are very important leaders with their own kind of political influence. By choosing these speeches with a serious content (education and the third world) and both addressing the same kind of audience (students), I will be able to give an useful comparison in terms of leadership and emotional intelligence. Barack Obama's †Back to school† speechIn his speech to the nation’s students (from kindergarten to 12th grade) President Barack Obama tries to stress the importance of getting an education and the responsibilities students have themselves. Addressing children ranging from 6 years to 18 years of age is a difficult task and Obama employs various strategies (both leadership and emotional) in order to get his message across to as many as possible. First of all, he talks directly to his listeners and makes sure they see him as a peer they can identify with and not only as th e President of the United States, which exemplifies his social skills.Secondly, he uses an informal style, a simple language, many repetitions, plenty of diverse concrete examples they can relate to, and he speaks to their patriotic feelings and their sense of responsibility. Obama’s main challenge with his target group is their size and diversity, and he therefore has to employ several strategies in order to reach as many as possible. In order to quickly get his listeners’ attention, he starts out by speaking directly to them, â€Å"Hello everyone – how’s everybody doing today?†A key element in getting the message across is that he gets the students’ attention, and that he then holds on to it. One way of doing this is by addressing them at eye level. He gets them to identify with him, respect him and deem him credible and then shows them that he genuinely cares about their situation (empathy). Obama does this by beginning the speech with an ecdotes from his own life. He tells them how he was raised by a single mother, who could not afford to send him to the same schools as the other children, and how she homeschooled him at 4.30 in the morning.He also tells them how he got into trouble and did things that he is not proud of. By sharing these rather personal stories of struggle and adversity, Obama uses his emotional intelligence in order to gain credibility in their eyes. Listening to someone who you respect and who you believe is credible makes it a lot easier to accept the messages and values that they speak of. After having established contact with his listeners, Obama starts conveying his message and values to the students. Obama’s main message of the speech comes in two parts.Firstly, he says that getting an education is the student’s own responsibility. Parents, teachers and the government also have a responsibility (he takes on the responsibility as a leader of the nation), but at the end of the da y, â€Å"none of it will matter unless all of you fulfill your responsibilities†. In this argument, Obama tries to speak to the students’ conscience and sense of responsibility. He shows them how so many people already have done so much for them, and that it is now their turn to do something; namely to take responsibility for their own education.Secondly, Obama talks about the responsibility towards the US. Not only do the students have a responsibility towards themselves, they also have a responsibility towards their country. Here the political aspect of the speech appears. The United States cannot function or compete in the future if there are no qualified people to fill the many functions a society has, such as nurses, doctors, senators etc. , â€Å"What you’re learning in school today will determine whether we as a nation can meet our greatest challenges in the future. † This leadership argument speaks to the listeners’ patriotic feelings.Most Americans are raised to be patriotic, and this is something Obama takes advantage of on several occasions in his speech with great success. Every one of the students carry the responsibility towards their country, â€Å"We need every single one of you to develop your talents, skills and intellect †¦ If you don’t do that – if you quit on school – you’re not just quitting on yourself, you’re quitting on your country† (leadership). At the center of the speech is the idea that education is paramount to getting a successful life and that everybody has the opportunity to succeed.Obama stresses that, â€Å"[e]very single one of you has something you’re good at. Every single one of you has something to offer. † and with some hard work and dedication the sky is the limit according to Obama. It seems as if Obama is truly concerned about the students, but the politics are easy to spot. Obama needs strong students in order to successf ully run the country. During this part of the speech Obama motivates and inspires his listeners by showing them some of the key values he believes in (motivation and self-awareness). Hard work and dedication is one value he stresses as most important.In this part he indirectly refers to the American dream that implies that if you work hard you can achieve anything. Here Obama uses the American cultural heritage of the American dream in his rhetoric, â€Å"Where you are right now doesn’t have to determine where you’ll end up. No one’s written your destiny for you. Here in America, you write your own destiny. You make your own future. † To further build on this motivational argument he offers several concrete examples of people who have had poor conditions, and who still have made it, through hard work and dedication.The examples are himself and his wife, Michelle Obama, who have both had difficult odds, but made it anyhow, and three cases he has found for the occasion, Jazmin Perez, Andoni Schultz and Shantell Steve. These three people have all overcome difficult odds and are living proof of how the American dream is obtainable if only you are willing to work hard, set goals for yourself and not give up, â€Å"Jazmin, Andoni and Shantell aren’t any different from any of you. They faced challenges in their lives just like you do. But they refused to give up.They chose to take responsibility for their education and set goals for themselves. † Obama uses rhetoric in order to get his political message across. By using a simple language, addressing the students at eye level, employing leadership and emotional arguments and using several concrete examples (i. e. that he has weaknesses himself (self-evaluation)) he is able to reach a broad audience and show them what values he perceives to be the most important and by that inspire and motivate them. Bono’s commencement speech at Harvard UniversityPaul David Hewson, most ly known as Bono from U2, has given his life to music, but also to charity. This is expressed in his very personal speech at Harvard University. Bono approaches the students at the commencement at Harvard University, and asks for their help to make America a great country and to help people in need. Bono begins his speech by introducing himself. He actually starts to criticize people like himself. Bono is talking about rock stars and singers, and says that singers contain a very big ego.This statement is a little paradoxical, because Bono is a singer and a rock star himself (self-awareness). Afterwards he is making clear that he is not just a singer, but also a father and a friend of dogs. The problem or conflict Bono is bringing up through his speech is mostly about Africa and the poor (the third world). He mentions the conflict, which has taken place in connection with sending money to some of the poorest countries of the world. When money is send to a third world country, it is n ot necessarily the poorest and the sickest people who get the money, because of the countries’ great debts.Bono finds this extreme problematic, and is therefore asking the students for their help. He thinks that the smart people at Harvard are needed to work this problem out. His argumentation for the importance of this cause is its influence on world history. He appeals to them and tries to motivate them by telling the sad story of the third world (motivation). Many people in third world countries dies e. g. of AIDS and HIV, because they do not get the money there is sent as help. He is mentioning that this holocaust, as he says, in Africa will be remembered forever, along with the internet. This argumentation is the climax of the speech.He brings up subjects who are very frail, and this is the point during speech, in which the listeners are paying most attention. During the speech at Harvard University Bono is appealing to the listeners feelings. In that way he uses emotion al intelligence a lot. Already from the beginning he is trying make like a personal bond between him and the audience. He is talking about is personal life, which makes the speech a little informal and tries to make the audience forget the pedestal that most of them have put him on. This makes the listeners feel comfortable in his presence, and let them met him at eye level (social skills).The subject he brings up is mostly including death and diseases. The third world conditions are in advance much discussed, and the discussions are typically very emotional. Bono is mentioning the conditions as an â€Å"African holocaust†. Even the word â€Å"holocaust† is enough to bring up bad memories and associations about World War II. To speak of the African problems by using a word like holocaust, both attracts people’s attention but also fills them with horror – again he is appealing to the emotions of his listeners. People are maybe finding the death in Africa h ard to relate to.But when Bono is talking about holocaust every man and woman knows the grade of seriousness and importance of the cause. The message of his speech is about brotherly love, charity and helping people in need. Bono is saying himself that he wants to ask the people at Harvard University for help. Help to make life better for people in the third world. By this he as a leader encourage them to take responsibility. He tries to guide them in the direction he thinks they should be guided (leadership). Comparison of the two speeches Both speeches start of by trying to meet the audience at eye level in order to inspire and motivate the audience.Both Obama and Bono succeed in doing this by making a rather humoristic intro before turning to the reel content of the political messages in the speeches. If this connection was not established, the political message would never get across to the rather difficult audience. The ability to establish this connection with an audience, an employee or a client is a sign of both good leadership skills and good emotional intelligence. Both Obama and Bono are very assertive in their speeches, but in very different ways. It is obvious that Bono is a rock star (who by nature exudes assertiveness) and not a politician like Obama.The Bono speech is written without a lot of foreign and long words, the language is very common, he uses little rhetoric, when getting his political messages across, which is all in oppose to the Obama speech. Obama uses long and intellectual words to promote his trustworthiness. Bono also uses a kind of slang when he says: â€Å"I’ve seen great minds and prolific imaginations disappear up their own ass (†¦)†. No one, especially not the President of The United states of America, besides a famous rock star, would be expressing themselves like that.Bono attracts the listeners’ attention by doing this, and he gets away with it, because of the entertainer and person he is. But it is definitely not something that a reel company leader would do in order to get his employees to follow him and his ideas. Obama shows a great deal of his emotional skills by letting in on his own weaknesses. Obama is the situational leader who guides his audience on what they must do and how they should do it, which you need to be, when you are the President of the United States of America. Bono I would characterize as a transformational leader (charismatic and inspirational).

High School Dropouts and Crime

WHAT FACTORS INFLUENCE HIGH SCHOOL DROPOUTS TO LEAD CRIMINAL LIVES? Michael Webbers 13APRIL2013 Criminology ADJ 107 Spring 2013 Professor George D. McMillan Purpose:It is extremely important to get an education and graduate high school. Without obtaining a high school diploma, a GED or College Degree, an individual will likely experience great difficulties in finding and obtaining a job. As a result of such basic educational requirements enforced by society and more specifically employers†¦ an individual may also have a difficult time functioning and earning a reasonable income. Additionally, with no financial resources to support a family, this puts the individual in the bottom 5 to 16 percent of Americans whom we deem to be in poverty. With crime most apparent in the lower- and underclass, we can make the assumption that a lot of dropouts come from these groups of individuals. To make a difference, we must start where there is the greatest chance of dropouts, and that of cours e is at the bottom of the societal pyramid. So, if we reduce the dropout rates, it may help with the crime rates.The intent of this research proposal is to better understand the cause of dropouts and the affect they have on society. More importantly, it is to identify the problems so that the juvenile system can help prevent further continuance and ultimately reduce the underclass crime rate in dropouts. In efforts to help diminish the dropout rate, it can: (1) stimulate the economy; (2) decrease the amount of unemployment; and (3) cut the size of the underclass in half, which in turn will decrease the vast majority of visible crime.By making it difficult for high school students to become predisposed to poverty and crime, we can improve the outcome for future generations. I want to better understand the internal cause of this phenomenon, but in order to do that we have to start from the external cause. I am going to be looking at how society is affected, as well as, how they affect the dropouts. On my search for information, I will try and obtain an interview with some old schoolmates who dropped out during our Sophomore year at West Springfield High School.The reason they dropped out was always a mystery to me, and I always just thought to myself that, â€Å"These people must be stupid, so they dropout. † I was quick to learn how ignorant I was myself. Background:High school graduation was never really tracked until the late 1900's. 3 So, dropout rates were never really a sought after statistic. Archived data has now been used to understand the graduation rates dating back almost a century ago. In 1870, the earliest date on record, only 2 percent of 17-year-olds in the nation had a secondary-level education.In 1940, for the first time, half of all students finished high school. Although graduation did not become an established norm until the 1950s, the U. S. graduation rate reached its historical high point at the end of the 1960s, with the graduation rate peaking at 77 percent in 1969. 3 It looked as though high school graduation was becoming a trend, but something must have happened after Class of '69 to cause the national average to drop more than ten percent in just over 30 years.In the late 1980's, when modern-day data became readily available to public schools, the graduation rate slowly was on the decline from record highs of around 70 percent. 3 The graduation rate plummeted during the early 1990s, eventually stabilizing around 66 percent by the end of the decade. As stated by the EPE Research Center, 2010; U. S. Department of Education, â€Å"since then, [graduation rate] has generally been characterized by gradual but steady improvements. The class of 2005 was once again earning diplomas at a pace last seen in the early 1990s.However, two consecutive annual declines since then have eroded the nation’s graduation rate, which stood at slightly less than 69 percent for the class of 2007†. 3 With all this tal k about graduating or not, the underlying reasons for the decline were unheard of; dropping out to help support their family financially, to pursue work, or probably the worst thing that can happen from dropping out of high school – living the criminal lifestyle. Key Questions: What actually defines a high school dropout? What provokes students to drop out of high school?What is the dropout rate of high school students in Virginia? How do high school dropouts affect society? Are high school dropouts more prone to lead criminal lives? How can society go about preventing future dropouts? Introduction:Every year nationwide, thousands of students dropout of high school. Of these students, 54 percent of dropouts ages 16 to 24 were jobless, compared with 32 percent for high school graduates of the same age, and 13 percent for those with a college degree. 8 High school dropouts are a very serious topic in modern-day society.With such a debate about taxes and who should be paying for what, it is important to get an education; not only to voice an opinion, but not to be a detriment to the economy as a teen/young adult. High school dropouts hurt the economy, costing the federal government millions of tax payers dollars. Since dropouts are more prone to lead a lifestyle involved with drugs, alcohol, and early pregnancy, it is crucial to identify individuals early in their high school career, and give them the assistance needed to stay in school.By taking action in helping the community decrease the dropout rate and encourage more students to graduate, we can help our economy save billions of dollars a year. An increase in graduation rates can mean less tax payer money towards school assistance programs, and more tax payers to pay the government to maintain our cities and keep crime off the streets. According to the Virginia Department of Criminal Justice Services Research Center, â€Å"poor earning power, unemployment, or frustration,†1 may lead individuals to commit criminal acts.Crime rates in Virginia are still on the low end of the spectrum, but by decreasing dropouts, we can keep the crime rates even lower. By helping in our community and informing schools of the ongoing problem, it is possible to make a tremendous difference in our economic state. What actually defines a dropout? In Virginia, we use the definition that was determined by the National Center for Education Statistics (NCES). Stated by the NCES, â€Å"a dropout is an individual who was enrolled in school at some time during the previous school year but was not enrolled on October 1 of the current school year.Or, they were not enrolled on October 1 of the previous school year although expected to be in membership; and – has not graduated from high school or completed a state- or district-approved educational program, and – does not meet any of the following exclusions: transfer to another public school district, private school, or state- or district-ap proved education program; temporary school-recognized absence due to suspension or illness; death†. 2 The state does not consider students a dropout by merely not attending school, although that is the only way to pass and get a diploma, it is based on the students actual enrollment.What provokes students to drop out of high school? There are many factors that cause students to drop out of high school. Without identifying the specific cause for dropouts, it is hard to know how to help prevent it. One significant factor influencing high school dropout rates is family income. Along with income, older siblings or friends can influence dropouts by dropping out themselves and ensuring it is the right thing to do. Ultimately, dropouts can be triggered due to the racial and gender attacks that seem more relevant these days. According to the U.S. Department of Education, students from low-income families are six times more likely to drop out of high school than students from high-inco me families. 2 In other words, due to the predisposition to a life of poverty, it is more likely the student will end up in poverty due to incompletion of high school. While living in poverty, school may not be the first thing on a students mind. Survival is always the most important factor to human beings. Without means of surviving, humans can't accommodate the other necessities, like getting a high school education.At a young age, it is really hard to keep oneself away from drugs, alcohol, and crime. Students whose parents have low expectations are also more likely to dropout of high school and resort to crime by means of rebelling against their parents. A study done by the New York Times demonstrated that, â€Å"[high school dropouts] will commit crimes to get an adrenaline rush and so that they can release some built up stress from the household†. 8 What this means is that students have too much time on their hands, and too little time is spent concentrating on school wo rk.Either the parents do not stress the importance of homework, or they are not there to help the student when he or she is struggling in class What is the dropout rate of high school students in Fairfax County, Virginia? Fairfax County, Virginia projected a much lower dropout rate in contrast with the national average. According to the National Center for Education Statistics (NCES), â€Å"Virginia's high school dropout rates have decreased in recent years†,2 and subsequently the â€Å"Virginia's property crime rate (as measured per 100,000 population) was 2,250, a decline again from the previous year†. Virginia has been on a good trend of ‘cleaning our act up' when it comes to turning around our educational system. According to the NCES: Virginia had the 14th lowest dropout rate in the country. Virginia's 2009 rate was also lower than the national rate of 4. 1 percent and the rates of its peer states. Tennessee's dropout rate in 2009 was 3. 2 percent, North Car olina was at 5. 3 percent, and Maryland's rate was 3. 0 percent. Wyoming had the lowest dropout rate in the nation in 2009 at 1. 1 percent. How do high school dropouts effect society?High school dropouts destroy the nation’s competitive edge when it comes to education. The U. S. ranks 18th in high school graduation rates among developed countries, and workers with an education beyond high school are predicted to increase by only four percent through 2020. 2 At the same time, the nation’s senior citizen population will greatly increase over the next decade, especially when compared to the number of working-age Americans. This is going to lead to an increase of assisted living senior citizens. Furthermore, high school dropouts earn a tremendous amount less and contribute much less to stimulate the economy.The lifetime income difference between high school graduates and dropouts is estimated to be $260,000; the difference in lifetime income tax payments is $60,000. 6 What this shows is, dropouts alone are going to make a significantly less amount of money, but along side the fact that they live in poverty as a student, this just means they will be in more of a deficit as an adult. The combined lifetime earning losses of one group of 18-year-olds that never completes high school is $156 billion or 1. 3 percent of Gross Domestic Product.So, for example, if the United States was able to cut the number of dropouts in half, in a single cohort of 20-year-olds, the country would gain $45 billion through extra tax revenue and reduced public health, crime and justice, and welfare payment costs. 6 Moreover, families of high school dropouts are likely to be on some form of public assistance. For example, single mothers who lack a high school diploma are very likely to access housing assistance, food stamps, and/or federal assistance to needy families. If all single mothers obtained at least a high school education, the annual cost savings would be $3. billion. 6 We can clearly see that getting an education is crucial if there is any sight of having a family. Without any means of money and no education, it is extremely hard to get a well-paying job to survive in our economy. What is the a connection between dropouts and criminal activity? Dropouts are 3. 5 times more likely to be arrested than high school graduates and more than eight times as likely to be incarcerated, says â€Å"School or the Streets: Crime and America’s Dropout Crisis,† a report from the non-profit organization Fight Crime: Invest in Kids.What this can mean is that dropouts are seeing crime as an alternative. Through music, media, and social networking, students can be often aroused by the thought of stealing, gangs, or even killing to survive. Crime is talked about everywhere, including the news and social networks. To most citizens, it is a mystery at how people can commit such inhumane crimes. This can be understood by knowing the type of environment t hat the individual grew up in. For example, a student whose parents always fight, might come in to school and get in a lot of trouble because his anger towards his parents.On the other hand, if they lived in a neighborhood with gang activity and gun shots at night, they are more inclined to get involved with violent crime later in life. Students who dropout are more likely inclined to a criminal life to survive. A study by the New York Times showed that, male dropouts were 47 times more likely than college graduate to be jailed; more than half, 53 percent to be exact, become recidivists. 8 By preventing dropouts, and increasing the amount of students going to college and continuing education, we can prevent more crime.How can society go about preventing future dropouts? Our society has been trying to combat the increasing number of teens dropping out of high school every day. The Advertising Council and U. S. Army’s high school dropout prevention campaign evolved into the nat ional â€Å"Boost† campaign. This campaign was established to help students get on a better track for graduation. Extra learning assistance offered outside of school, and peer-to-peer learning classes for students to have one-on-one teaching in school.These programs help the students feel more inclined to succeed in high school and fill that gap of time students have after school to get involved with gangs or crime. Another good way the community helps students is by Big Brother Big Sister. They have been proven to help increase student grades, and help make it less likely students will interact with drugs and alcohol. This in turn will prevent students from having exposure to these things, and keep them from experimenting later in life. Also, another program dedicated to keeping students in school and away from crime is BoostUP.This group is sponsored by the AdCouncil and the U. S. Army to help students get support and assistance needed to graduate high school. Methodology:F or a better understanding of high school dropout rates and the cause of them, I would first go to different high schools, in varying income areas, and obtain the names of the students enrolled in the previous year who are not currently enrolled. For example, get a list of students enrolled before October 1, 2010 and then get a list of students who were not enrolled after October 1, 2011, and this will determine the list of dropouts.I would give each dropout a number, and then randomly choose the individuals with a random number selection software. I will have a survey for the student to fill out without the parents in the room; this gives the student the feeling of privacy, and hopefully more honesty in the answers. The questions would be related to how much time they have to do homework and if the parents help them; along with how much time is spent doing chores around the house, and are their parents working a lot or unemployed. The income of the family is one concern, but at the same time, the psychiatric state of the student is most important.If the student is not doing well in school and feels like nothing will change, it can lead the student to be less motivated and more likely to follow the path of dropouts. Understanding a students psychological state of mind can help draw trends about how other students are behaving in school. Field Work For my field work, I got in touch with an old friend to understand the cause of his dropout Sophomore year. At the time, I figured he just dropped out of high school because he was failing his classes. I never thought that there was more to it.I chatted with him over Facebook and asked a couple questions. He asked that I keep it anonymous. What caused you to drop out of high school? â€Å"I was 15 years old, dating [a girl] for almost a year. It was our first time and we didn’t use any protection. I got [her] pregnant and wanted to leave her because I was scared, but my mother told me that ‘You got into this mess, so you have to handle it. ‘ I picked up a job doing yard work with my fathers company and he paid me under the table. I then had to use the money to support my wife, but also asked my mother for some help.When [the baby] was born, my wife and I faced more struggles than we could ever imagine. I was so busy with going to school and passing, my mother took care of my son. Going to school was one of my least concerns, especially since I was always thinking about the child. I didn't think it would impact me so much, but without providing for my own family, I felt like a useless father. At the end of my Freshman year, my father passed away from a heart attack. † How did this effect your family? Peers? â€Å"The event as a whole, dropping out and having a kid so early, really hurt my mother.I felt as though she looked down on me and thought worse of me because I wasn't like all the other kids who go to school. But after my father passed away, I realized how much my mother and siblings needed me there. I stopped attending high school Sophomore year to get a job at McDonalds and to continue working for my fathers company so I could provide for my family. My family wasn't the most wealthy, but we weren't poor. My mother would always talk about me as â€Å"The Man† of the house. She [worked] full time so she wasn't home with all of the kids much.Without a father figure, it is hard to really grow up, and I had to play that role for my younger brother, Juan who was 8 years old at the time. I am now working to get my GED, slowly, but it is in progress. It isn't easy to go back to school after being away from it for so long. Work and family is still my #1 priority, but school is definitely a necessity in this day and age. I lost touch with all my friends, but it's inevitable when you have a child at a young age, and work two jobs. Facebook helps, but I accepted it pretty easily knowing I had the love of my life and a family. What would you hav e done differently to prevent these effects? â€Å"Wear protection! But in all seriousness, I wish I would have completed high school so that it would be easier to support a family. There isn't much you can do to prevent everything else that happened to me. I am glad I could learn from it rather than regress. I am now 22, working two jobs, have a wife, and a five and a half year old son who I provide for. School is extremely important and if you can't make time for that opportunity given to you, then I don't know what else there is to do.I couldn't prevent my fathers death, but I definitely should have gotten my GED sooner. It is hard to think of other ways I could have handled this of situation. † Did dropping out of high school lead you to any crime? Gangs? No, never. My wife and I are very Christian and would never steal or commit crime. Maybe a traffic violation, but never any serious crimes. I have seen too many friends and family live a life of crime, and I have been to more funerals than I would ever like to. It definitely crossed my mind when I was still a teen, but I'm much happier knowing I never resorted to illegal means to make a living.And no, never considered a gang because then it would have defeated my purpose of leaving school – my family. Bibliography Unknown Author. (2010). The Importance of Education. Retrieved from http://education. laws. com/importance-of-education 1 National Center for Education Statistics (February 04, 2013). High School Dropout. Retrieved from http://vaperforms. virginia. gov/indicators/education/hsDropout. php 2 EPE Research Center. (2010). Graduation by the Numbers [Data file]. Retrieved from http://www. edweek. org/ew/articles/2010/06/10/34swanson. h29. html 3 SLJ Staff. (2008).Crime Linked to Dropout Rates, Report Says. Retrieved from http://www. schoollibraryjournal. com/article/CA6590701. html 4 Johnston, Cindy. (2011). Series Overview: The Cost Of Dropping Out. Retrieved from http://www. npr. org 5 Dianda, Marcella R. Ed. D. (November 2008). Preventing Future High School Dropouts: An Advocacy and Action Guide for NEA State and Local Affiliates. Washington, DC: National Education Association. 6 Dillon, Sam. (2009). Study Finds High Rate of Imprisonment Among Dropouts. Retrieved from http://www. nytimes. com/2009/10/09/education/09dropout. html? _r=0 8

Fashion Channel Essay

Analysis Following Rosewood through this case study we have seen the company come to a crossroads. The company had to redefine itself to stay relevant in an evolving space. Rosewood had a reputation for managing uniquely distinctive properties without widespread corporate brand name awareness. Each individual property enjoyed vast success in particular from repeat guests who mostly stayed at only one of their distinctive properties in their growing portfolio. Now the company is looking to the future and specifically evaluating whether or not to incorporate the Rosewood brand into the name of each hotel. Rosewood’s senior management is engaging several tools to make their decision. Implementing this new strategy could lead to a bright future or spell disaster. Pros and cons of Rosewood moving to a corporate brand What is branding? According to Entrepreneur magazine â€Å"The marketing practice of creating a name, symbol or design that identifies and differentiates a product from other products.† Creating a corporate brand can come with positive and negatives. Rosewood’s objective will be to leave an imprint that no one else can leave and to create magic moments that their guests will never forget. Such as when the guest goes down memory lane years later after their stay, they will recall the positively outrageous service, the amenities, the food and the atmosphere created by Rosewood. No other hotel will duplicate what they experienced at their properties. Another positive to branding, Rosewood will create standards to measure the overall performance of all their properties. Such as curb appeal, beautiful landscaping, manicured green grass, flowers in season, to beautiful shrubs and trees. Additionally, as the guest arrives the people become part of the standard set, from the doorman, to the desk clerk, to the bellman, to housekeeping, to the engineering team that keeps the building and room temperature comfortable. This is where Rosewood can benefit from differentiation and drive performance. For that reason Jack Welch states in a World Press article, â€Å"Companies win when their managers make a clear and meaningful distinction between top- and bottom-performing businesses and people, when they cultivate the strong and cull the weak†. Some of Rosewood’s property managers, as mentioned in Harvard Business Review:  Rosewood Hotels and Resorts: Branding to increase customer profitability and lifetime value, many had â€Å"mixed feelings† about moving to a corporate brand. When you are measured against other hotels there is only so much room at the top. Naturally, there will some managers that will be asked to â€Å"ship up or ship out†. Thus, the upside is each hotel pushes each other to be the best they can be. Finally, the guest could anticipate what experience they will have at each Rosewood if they moved to a uniform brand. On the other hand, the down side or cons of moving to a uniform brand for Rosewood could be that data gathered from properties could be skewed or demographic information could not apply to all hotels across the brand. According to Phillip Kotler in A Framework for Marketing and Management â€Å"The data collection phase of marketing research is generally the most expensive and the most prone to error† (p.39). Also, some management after differentiation is established and measured could be dismissed if their hotel is at the bottom. Finally, another con could be that some management and employees are not good team players and are not able to uphold the standards charted by management. Customer Lifetime Value Calculator Using a tool like the Customer Lifetime value calculator can be helpful to Rosewood management as they crunch the numbers. This tool helps management take quantitative information and funnel it down to several outcomes. However, garbage in garbage out must be considered here. The CLTV is only as good as the information provided. If one Rosewood hotel provides flawed information or has not collected the data properly, the assumptions arrived to by the CLTV are not accurate. Perhaps as JWMI 518 W2, L2 states â€Å"The best approach is often to make use of both qualitative and quantitative research†. This approach considers the ever changing market conditions, tangibles and intangibles contained within qualitative and quantitative research. They are both valuable and have their place. Finally, within all the data and assumptions gained from the CLTV, there is one factor not considered. The relationship factor. In order to carry out the legendary service brand Rosewood wants to create, the most critical factor the team should be focused on is building relationships. The data, the CLTV, the amenities and a uniform brand all revolves around the staff building meaningful relationships with the guests. The standardized expectation of  how the guests are served is the most important ingredient and the CLTV does not factor this into the equation. According to INC Magazine, â€Å"The truth is that entrepreneurs too often get caught up in the details of the kinds of products or services they are selling to notice how critical it is to build relationships not just with your customers, but also with your vendors, employees and–gasp–even your competitors. â€Å"Without strong relationships, it is impossible to have success as a business owner, Recommendation My recommendation is that Rosewood should move to branding their hotels using the Rosewood brand immediately. Without setting standard foundations the guest will not know what to anticipate. Rosewood could use standardized data to help anticipate the needs of the guest before they even asked. Also, creating a uniform brand will help everyone come together as one team. When you are a consummate team player you elevate the performance of everyone around them and then there is no limit to what you can do as a team. When Rosewood has everyone on the same page going in the same direction they can create a wow factor the guest will be telling the world about. To most of the world, getting good service is common versus giving positively outrageous service is uncommon. Having a satisfied customer is common versus taking that satisfied customer exceeding his or her expectations and then taking the service one percent beyond that now Rosewood can create a raving fan that is uncommon. References Entrepreneur Magazine, (2013) http://www.entrepreneur.com/encyclopedia/branding Harvard Business Publishing, (2007), Rosewood Hotels and Resorts: Branding to increase customer profitability and lifetime value, P. 5 INC. (2013) http://www.inc.com/guides/201101/how-to-build-better-business-relationships.html Kotler, Chapter 3: Collecting Information and Forecasting Demand, P.39 World Press, (2012) http://frrl.wordpress.com/2009/10/31/jack-welch-on-differentiation-or-making-winners-out-of-everyone/

Four similar disease 1topic like COPD,LUNGS CA.ASTHMA,SMOKER Research Paper

Four similar disease 1topic like COPD,LUNGS CA.ASTHMA,SMOKER - Research Paper Example It generates new insight and a novel point of view into the existing treatment procedures and about the disease. Continuous research in the field of nursing practice is very important as through research new data and cures are discovered which help in finding new patterns and subsequently help in developing new procedures to fight the patients’ condition. The development of nursing practice in diseases like COPD, Lung Cancer, Asthma and Smoking exemplifies the importance of the research to nursing practice. These are four similar diseases (affecting the same organ; lungs) with different backgrounds (origin, causes, development, effects, and cure). COPD is a serious lung disease which during the course of time makes it difficult to breathe. It is the fourth main reason for death in the United States and leads to long-term disability.[1] Persons suffering from COPD find it difficult to get the air in and out of their lungs as the airways (tubes which carry the air in and out of the lungs) are partially blocked. There are two prime diseases that cause this blockage- Chronic bronchitis and Emphysema. The main cause of this lung disorder is cigarette smoking which contributes to 80-90% of the disease. [1] Nursing practices go a long way in the cure of the disease. Nurses/ professionals and pulmonary rehabilitation programs help to control the disease through physical activity and training. Nursing is fast emerging as a means to put a check on COPD. The best cure against COPD is to quit smoking. An online COPD community has emerged where different COPD patients and professionals share their experience and methods to fight cure COPD. Lung Cancer refers to cancer of the tissues of the lungs, generally in the cells lining the air passages. It is one of the more lethal diseases. It claims more lives than prostate, colon, breast and lymph cancers combined, per year. Essentially, there are two types of lung cancers: Small Cell Lung Cancer (SCLC) and Non-Small Cell L ung Cancer (NSCLC). Both categories have the capacity to cause life threatening damages to the neuromuscular system. A significant part of the treatment to lung cancer is the way the problem is nursed. Nursing practices play an important role. Advanced nursing practice has been introduced as a practice that includes a variety of roles essential for treating lung cancer and the environments in which they exist. Planning is quite necessary in combating the disease. Many obstacles to realizing the full potential of the roles can be evaded through better efforts and planning to address factors, resources and structures necessary for advanced nursing practice to lung cancer. A recent research conducted on patients with lung cancer suggested that patients often experience multiple symptoms that vary during the course of their disease.[2] Therefore, in conjunction with high quality physical care of the patients, nursing practice is also required to provide frequent interventions with patie nts varying from patient education regarding chemotherapy, surgery and radiation therapy and symptom management meant for skin changes linked to fatigue, radiation therapy, weight loss and nausea due to changes in appetite. Asthma is chiefly characterized by the shortness of breath, tightness of chest along with coughing. It essentially is the hindrance in the human airflow system. Asthma is a continual inflammatory disease and estimates have shown that over 300 million people were affected with asthma in 2010. Genetic factors along with other

Risk Assessment Practices at Happy Valley Play School Essay

Risk Assessment Practices at Happy Valley Play School - Essay Example Happy valley recognizes its obligation to protect the well-being of all children and youngsters, via a commitment that protects them. This paper will examine the risk assessment at Happy Valley Pre-school. The policy at Happy Valley Pre-school recognizes that the wellbeing of a child is paramount. All children irrespective of age, gender, disability racial, heritage, religious belief, identity or sexual orientation have an entitlement to equal safeguarding from all kinds of abuse or harm. To achieve this, Happy Valley preschool operates in partnership with parents, children, young people, caregivers as well as other agencies crucial in upholding young people’s wellbeing. The objective of the policy is to afford fortification for the young people and children who obtain Happy Valley services, together with the kids of adult affiliates or users. The policy also provides volunteers and staff with direction on processes they ought to embrace upon the event they suspect a young person or a child could be undergoing, or may be at harm or risk of. The policy applies to all staff, paid staff, agency staff, seasonal and volunteers workers, students and everyone else working in the best interests of Happy Valley preschool(Gandy 2008). The chosen senior associates of staff have to attend legal child safety training prescribed by the regional safeguarding children panel. The stipulation must guarantee every staff obtains child safety training fitting to their responsibilities and roles, particularly staff that are new to the school, every three years. Each staff whether voluntary or paid, supply workers, students, are subjected to CRV (criminal vetting) (Dept. of Ed. UK 2012). Happy Valley pre- school aids in preventing abuse through identifying as well as providing prospects for young people and children to cultivate concepts, skills, knowledge and attitudes that enable them to

Wal-Mart Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Wal-Mart - Essay Example In the initial stage, Wal-mart was only tracking pallets and cases coming to one distribution center but the plan was to expand to cover 100 suppliers across US by the end of 2006 (Tutorial-Reports, 2005). They would then roll out the technology internationally. The entire plan was based on achieving a completely error-free, fool-proof transparent supply chain. To achieve this, Wal-mart planned to install RFID readers at the distribution centers and stores, and buying equipment for printing tags. The plan envisaged was so intense that suppliers could not escape using this technology. Wal-mart also wanted to gradually work on tracking recalls. The idea behind the entire plan was to gain competitive advantage over others in the sector. Within two months of the deadline indicated by Wal-mart, RFID system was installed at 104 Wal-mart stores. Within 30 minutes the suppliers could obtain the data through its Retail Link extranet website. By the end of February 2005, Wal-mart stores using RFID had received 23,753 tagged pallets and 663,912 cases, and taken over 5 million tag reads (IDTechEx, 2005). However, about half of the top 100 suppliers felt that there was lack of knowledge of RFID integration and hence decided to set up the systems themselves. While it was possible to read the tags on cars and on conveyors in distribution centers, it was difficult to read the RFID tags on fully loaded pallets. Successful reads was only 63% which was not acceptable by Wal-mart. They wanted nothing less than hundred percent. By October 2005 Wal-mart had achieved success to the extent that they could monitor stock levels which resulted in 16% reduction in out-of-stock status. Moreover, the out-of-stock items that carried the EPC could be replenished there times faster than items that were still using the standard barcode technology. It was also possible to avoid excess inventory as manual orders reduced. Based on the initial success Wal-mart set further timelines that by the end of 2006 more than 1000 stores, clubs and distribution centers would be covered under the program. They would have more than 6090 suppliers participating by the end of 2007. They conducted briefings and seminars to share knowledge back and forth. The suppliers that had gone live in 2005 also shared their learning with other organizations. The success of the RFID technology depends upon collaboration with partners and suppliers. This is critical for time-sensitive goods (Songini, 2006). It can enable Wal-mart to look at the items store by store and evaluate the cause of low sales. This would further enable Wal-mart to sit down with the partners and determine how to enhance sales. The value of RFID technology also depends upon the type of product involved. It would help to know how long the perishable goods have been in the supply chain. It can also help tag the response to new products introduced while also preventing theft. However, all their efforts did not fetch the desired results as the public was wary of privacy concerns. Chances of abuse of information from tracking the product tags were high. While the Wal-mart stores could items in the stores in the US, they could not kill the tags at the checkout. What was essential was to have kill switches that would disable the chips at the checkout counters (Tutorial-Reports, 2005a). Wal-mart argues that if the kill switches are installed it could block the radio waves before reaching the RFID reader devices. Moreover, they insist that the RFID tags do not collect any additional information about the customer but the future of the RFID techn

Teacher collaboration and student achievemant Research Paper

Teacher collaboration and student achievemant - Research Paper Example The respondents were asked to rate their response using Likert Scale as follows: strongly agree (1), agree (2), disagree (3), and strongly disagree (4). The following variables were used to identify the responses of teachers, to the questions posed above: (1) Informal Conversation; (2) One-on-One Assistance; (3) Routine Sharing of Materials, Methods, Ideas; (4) Routine Team Analyzing Data; and (5) Joint work. Analysis of Data and Interpretation Table 1 The Total Number of Respondents (Teachers) Per Grade Level and Department (Subjects) Grade Level Math Science Social studies Language Arts Total Number of Teachers 6 4 2 2 4 12 7 3 2 2 4 11 8 3 2 2 4 11 From the table, it is deduced that there are more teachers in the Grade 6 level with 35% or 12 out of 34 respondents in that grade level. Overall, there are a total of 34 teachers who responded on the survey aiming to investigate the impacts of teacher collaboration vis-a-vis non-collaboration on student academic achievement. Table 2 Re sults indicating Respondents View on the Variables of Informal Conversation, One-on-One Assistance, Routine Sharing, Routine Team and Joint Work Per Subject Math Science Social Studies Lg. ... 6 disagree Joint Work 10 agree 6 agree 3 agree 3 strongly disagree 6 agree 6 disagree The respondents’ view of the five variables indicated in the table would determine their perceived importance to thereby manifest the extent of teacher collaboration, by favoring its relevance or not. Those who strongly agreed perceived these variables as of utmost importance, in contrast to those who disagreed. From the table above, the results are summarized below: Informal Conversation: Out of 34 respondents, 6 or 18% strongly agreed; 65% agreed, while also 18% disagreed. It can be deduced that majority are in favor of informal conversation increasing teacher collaboration. One-on-One Assistance: From the total respondents, majority or 53% disagreed versus 47% who agreed that one-on-one assistance is a variable that increased teacher collaboration. Routine Sharing of Materials, Methods, Ideas: A total of 88%, or 30 teachers agreed that routine sharing of materials, methods and ideas are ef fective means to increase teacher collaboration. Only 4 respondents or 12% disagreed. Routine Team Analyzing Data: From among those who responded, 74% or 25 teachers acknowledged that routine team analyzing data is contributory to teacher collaboration. Joint work: Finally, a parallel percentage of respondents viewed joint effort as crucial to teacher collaboration where 74% agreed (6 of whom strongly agreed) and the rest of the 26% disagreed. On a per subject basis, the following results are hereby presented: Math: The total number of respondents who agreed that all the variables are crucial to manifest teacher collaboration for the subject of Math is 46 out of 48 (where only 2 disagreed). The results indicate the acknowledgement of Math teachers requiring collaborative efforts manifested

EHR Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

EHR - Assignment Example The system should be able to provide patients with access of their information enabling home monitoring and especially of chronic diseases. The data it stores electronically should be able to be accessed by other similar systems on the state or even federal level because of disease surveillance data. The act deals with the technology in health information and especially that which deals with the privacy and security of the patients’ information in health care facilities. It deals with electronic transmission of health information which is the role of EHR. The HITECH Act therefore examines the HER and ensures that that records it stores of patients are secured and remain private failure to which civil and criminal legal action will be undertaken (American Health Lawyers Association, 2006). The government incentives for adoption of the EHR system are monetary. Doctors and hospitals which adopt the system within a certain period of time will be receiving money as incentive and in order to attract more doctors to adopt the system. The incentive money reduces as time passes. The ramifications of lack of adoption are a certain percentage cut of the Medicaid and Medicare reimbursements that physicians normally receive from government. The first requirement is to have money to purchase the system and set it up in the relevant departments or according to the goals set within the organization. The other requirement is to have people with expert knowledge of the system to operate it as well as to teach the rest of the staff who will be handling the system how to use it and repair it (Hebda, Czar & Mascara, 2012). Certified EHR is the technological system that is tailored towards specifically meeting the functionality and security required by the user. The certification maintains data sharing and confidentiality as well as keeping the system secure. This is important if the HITECH Act rules are to be adhered

IP Addressing and Subnetting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

IP Addressing and Subnetting - Essay Example These identifiers are the one referred to as the internet protocols which are numerical figures that identifies a device connected to a network. IP addressing therefore means assigning these figures to a device so that it can be identified. On the other hand a sub network, also known as subnet is a sub division of an IP network, which makes sub netting to be the division of an IP network (Blank 2004). There exists two main versions of internet protocol which include internet protocol version 4 (IPv4) and internet protocol version 6 (IPv6).since these versions contain an endless pools of numbers, for IPv4, this pool of numbers is 32 bits written as (232) and contains 4,294,967,296 IPv4 addresses, where bits refer to a digit in the form of binary system which is used in storing information. For IPv6 version, it has 128-bits written as (2128) containing 340,282,366,920,938,463,374,607,431,768,211,456 IPv6 addresses. These two versions are assigned to a given network in different sizes. The size assigned is shown after an oblique, and it reflects the number of IP addresses contained in it. The lower the number after the oblique the more the number of addresses the protocol size has (Groth 2005). Since an internet protocol is made up of 32 binary bits, they are subdivided into network and host sections. The network portion identifies the particular network that it is connected to whereas the host portion identifies a node, be it a computer, on the local area network (LAN). This is aided by the use of subnet mask, which is described as a 32 binary bits combination that is these octets used to show which section or portion of an IP address refers to a subnet and the other tat refers to the host. The 32 binary bits are subdivided onto octets where octet holds 8 bits making a total of four octets. These octets are then turned into decimals and separated by a period. This is why an IP address is expressed in decimal with dots in between. The number of decimal in each oct et ranges from 0-255 decimals or 00000000-11111111 binary (Groth 2005). As indicated above, a subnet mask helps to know which section of the internet protocol identifies a given network and the section of the IP that identifies the nodes. If we have a network with a natural mask of 255.0.0.0 which has not been sub netted, it would have an address close to 8.20.15.1255.0.0.0.converting these addresses and masks to binary numbers, and we would have 8.20.15.1 = 00001000.00010100.00001111.00000001 255.0.0.0 = 11111111.00000000.00000000.00000000 There different types of IP addressing and each have their own features. One of the forms includes the unicast. This is the most used concept of internet protocol addressing for both IPv4 and IPv6.it is used to refer to a single sender and a single receiver which could be used for sending and receiving. A unicast address is usually for a single host. Different devices have different unique unicast addresses, each with a different unique purpose. This means that for a person to data to many unicast addresses, he is required to send it many times to each recipient. The second type of IP address is the broadcast. Only IPv4 implements the broadcast addressing since IPv6 replaces broadcast with multicast addressing. For the IPv4, it is with ease to send data to all hosts. In the IPv4 address the address 255.255.255.255 is used to broadcast. The third type of addressing is the multicast addressing. Multicast address is linked with a group of recipient. For IPv4 addresses, given addresses 224.0.0.0

BIM (BUILDING Information Modeling ) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

BIM (BUILDING Information Modeling ) - Essay Example The two kinds of BIM software are authoring software and coordination software (Solibri, n.p). BIM process involves building design that require collaboration through computer models and not disjoints drawing sets. Through the use of BIM, digital representations of buildings are made available and used for decision making, first class production of construction documents, building planning, and predictions of performance and cost estimates (Solibri, n.p). BIM is employed in modeling and not drawing (Solibri, n.p). Modeling permits the designers to see the building and its parts from numerous angles. In addition, clash detection in the design phase allows designers to identify faults and correct them prior to commencement the building (McNell, 9). Early errors detection implies that costs involved in on-site correction are eliminated. Coordination is emphasized and facilitated by BIM through the use of a data repository where team members easily access information to confirm questiona ble aspects like building elements’ compatibility with the rest of the building. Through BIM cloud, BIM models by different team members can easily be viewed and edited and the consequences of each action made accessible to all model users (McNell 9). BIM is used to provide precise inclusion and modeling of prices and upgrading of bids and project pricing accuracy. Through the visualization designs, clients can verify design intention and sharedknowledge through virtual design and construction then strengthens client’s satisfaction. 2.0. BIM management Although BIM reinforces construction team members’ collaboration through the use of a shared information database to create a virtual model, there is heated debate over the management of BIM (AUGI, n.p). The ownership of BIM is left to DDC or the department of Design and construction. The model ownership is extended to include all inventions, designs, ideas, and methods contained inside the model. DDC reveals that peripheral users like contractors and consultants are only granted short lived use of BIM which terminates with the completion of the project and all copies of BIM copies have to be returned to DDC (AUGI, n.p). Basically, the project models contained in BIM from pre-conception to completion belong to DDC while project team owns just the idea. BIM teams include architects, designers, engineers and contractors and owners. The owner submits his or her request for service to the architect (AUGI, n.p). The architect then validates the request before designing the building. The architect provides the engineer with the building model and the engineer then uses computer aided design 3D visualization and modeling through Revit and creates 3D design or imports ordinary 2D drawings that have 3D information to establish perfect renderings from 3D (McNell, 15). Using BIM, designers investigate substitute notions; carry out value engineering and come up with finest designs. The contractors then revise the documented construction before commencement of physical construction. From the model, project owners are then involved in project aspects since they gain immediate and vast information which is formatted to satisfy their needs. 3.0. BIM practice BIM process involves four main stages which are design, build, operation and maintenance. The BIM model life cycle begins with the request from the owners. At first, the owners do not have sufficient information on what the final product will have (Eastman, Teicholz, Sacks and Liston,

Security and idententy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Security and idententy - Essay Example In the modern society, security does not refer to the state as a government or a territorial entity, but relatively as a collective identity of the nation. This indicates that, security in a society may be compromised by anything that compromises their identity (Panic 30). On the other hand, societal security relates to the capability of a society to preserve its essential characteristics in the face of variable circumstances despite of the potential and actual threats. In this case, security is compromised when a community perceives a threat as a hazard to its identity since identity is defined as a set of ideas and practices that recognize particular individuals as members of a social group (Panic 30). Moreover, nations are imaginary communities and national identities, which are the most important references object of the societal security. National identity, therefore, involves some forms of political community, common institutions and one code of duties and rights for all member s of the community. This identity also suggests a definite social space and demarcated territories, which are easily identified by members of the community (Panic 31). This means that community members have a feeling of belonging into this identity. This will, therefore, give a clear definition of a state as a group of people obeying similar rules and institutions within a given territory. According to David Campbell, there are two conceptions of a nation, which includes the civil model and ethics (Campbell 24). These are two predominantly conceptual territories, which need to be protected by the nation. This is due to the fact that nations have to possess compact, well-defined territories. Campbell indicates that territories cannot be just anywhere but must be... It is clear that security and identity have a deeper meaning rather than protecting the affairs of a country since, after the Cold War that appeared in European countries in early 1940s, there emerged new and complex security models of states and individuals. These new approaches were considerably divergent compared to traditional, narrow concepts since they indicate that something can be a security issue despite having no threat to the state. Different from traditional phenomena, other factors such as migrations and cultural identity challenges can contribute to identity securitization in a country. The identity of social group is the object of societal security concept. Social security is thus something concerning individuals and its nature in the prevailing economy. On the other hand, societal security relates to the collectivity of identities and actions undertaken with the aim of protecting such identities in a country.

Naturalism in Theatre in the 19th Century Essay Example for Free

Naturalism in Theatre in the 19th Century Essay Naturalism in theatre in the 19th century, in its utmost simplest form, can be understood as the life like reproduction of life and human drama on stage. However the true understanding of naturalism is far more convoluted than this shallow notion. This essay will look at explaining and defining naturalism as a literature movement in the 19th century according to Emile Zola’s essay, Naturalism in the Theatre and Raymond Williams’ essay on Social Environment and Theatrical Environment. One way in which we may acquire a better understanding of naturalism is by comparing the other forms of theater that were precursors to naturalism. In the beginning of his essay Zola calls for an innovator’s mind to â€Å"†¦overthrow the accepted conventions and finally install the real human drama in place of the ridiculous untruths that are on display today† (Zola 1881; 351). This statement outlines the fundamentals of Romantic drama and Classical drama as being based on a grotesque exaggeration of reality and falsification of human drama. Often set in the Middle Ages (Classicism) or the Greek and Roman times (Romanticism) action was always of excess (Zola 1881; 353). If we compare this to 19th century naturalism the differences are major. Firstly we see that naturalism brought about the life like reproduction of human drama in the, then, present time, it sought realistic human stories, in real human environments. As Zola stated â€Å"Take our present environment, then, and try make men live in it: you will write great works†, here Zola expresses the basis for naturalism, real people in real situations in real environments. As this illustrates Naturalism was not concerned with fantastic untruths of another era as Romanticism and Classicism were, but was rather involved with the expression of the realistic drama of present life in a natural present environment. Williams’s classification of naturalism is divided into three ‘senses’. The first being an accurate reproduction of real life in the literal sense, this was school of thought was inherited from the naturalistic landscape paintings of the mid 1800’s, that sought to reproduce nature as accurately as possible on canvas. The second sense that Williams talks of is the distinction â€Å"between revealed (divine) and observed (human) knowledge† (Williams 1990; 125). This philosophical position viewed man as a biological element of the world as opposed to a divine metaphysical being of the universe. Naturalism in this sense was â€Å"consciously opposed to ‘supernaturalism’† (Williams 1990; 126). In the third sense Williams is more application specific, as he states that with in a play or novel it is the amalgamation of the first two senses that is â€Å"a conscious reliance on observed natural history and on human reason† (Williams 1990: 127). This expresses the urge of naturalism to rigorously investigate human nature and truth, not only in a temporal term but to â€Å"show character and action as determined or profoundly influenced by environment, either natural or social† (Williams 1990; 127). This illustrates how Williams has explained naturalism in three separate senses. [497] Determinism The Oxford Dictionary explains determinism as the belief that all events, and actions are fundamentally controlled by external causes, it suggests that humans have no free will as everything is pre-determined by the environment in which they live. As Williams points out â€Å"the novelty of the naturalist emphasis was its demonstration of the production of character or action by a powerful natural or social environment† (Williams 1990; 127). Here Williams is outlining the factor of influence, of the environment on the character or action. Naturalism as we have discussed, is concerned with the life like reproduction of life itself here Zola discusses the importance of reproduction by stating â€Å"most of all we would need to intensify the illusion in reconstructing environments, less for their picturesque quality than for dramatic utility. The environment must determine the character† (Zola 1881; 369). As this suggests, naturalism, particularly in written plays, will create the belief that the character has a predetermined outcome. As we have discussed in the second sense of Williams definitions of naturalism, the physiological man is preferred over the metaphysical view. This suggests that man is just apart of the environment in which he lives and, as a biological element, has no free will over his actions or environment. As Zola concurs â€Å"the physiological man in our modern works is asking more and more compellingly to be determined by his setting, by the environment that produced him† (Zola 1881; 370). As this illustrates, the notion of determinism in dramatic writing, especially naturalism is a vital one, as it’s study of human behavior, and what influences it in a given environment is crucial to the natural expression and form of a character. [291] The contemporary environment and its physical reproduction on stage The contemporary environment and its physical reproduction on stage is a vital facet in the workings of naturalism. Referring to Williams’ aspects of naturalism, the first being derived from the naturalistic painters of the mid 1800’s where replication of the environment was partially a scientific endeavor. Studying the surroundings and environment in exact detail is vital in understanding the action of a character, therefore in naturalism the lifelike reproduction of the characters environment on stage is essential (Williams 1990; 125). Here Williams states a ‘major feature’ of â€Å"naturalist drama in particular its specific central feature of the stage as a room† (Williams 1990; 129). This refers to the appearance of the stage as a physical extension of real present day life as it were, to supplement the feel of naturalism on stage. Here Zola agrees by stating â€Å"most of all we would need to intensify the illusion in reconstructing environments, less for their picturesque quality than for dramatic utility† (Zola 1881; 369). As this proves the aesthetical reproduction of life on stage is far more than a scenic attraction, it provides the environment in which the characters live and take influence. The second sense of naturalism that Williams describes is that of the physiological man opposed to the metaphysical man. This is an important factor as this philosophical position looks at the man as being apart of his surroundings in a biological sense. As Williams states â€Å"in the social sense that character is determined or profoundly influenced by its social environment, with the later and more penetrating observation that this social environment is itself historically produced, and in the wider sense of natural history, in the evolution of human nature itself within a natural world of which it is an interacting part† (Williams 1990; 127). Here Williams is stating that the character is impacted by his environment, that itself is historically produced. As Zola states that the physiological man in naturalism is requesting to be â€Å"determined by his setting, by the environment that produced him† (Zola 1881; 370). Zola does not take it as far as Williams as he does not state the environment itself as being historically produced, however it is agreed that they both see the physiological man being produced by his environment. This proves that the contemporary setting of a character is vital in naturalism as it illustrates the physiological man in his environment, as opposed to the metaphysical man in a distance time and place that has little relevance to mans contemporary intelligence. By utilizing two of Williams ‘senses’ of naturalism, we have seen the uses of the contemporary environment in which a character is places as well as the importance of the detailed physical reproduction of a characters environment. [458]

Areva Est Un Groupe French Essay

Areva Est Un Groupe French Essay Areva est un groupe franà §ais qui figure parmi les leaders mondiaux de là ©nergie nuclà ©aire. Il rà ©sulte de la fusion, en septembre 2001, de CEA Industrie, Framatome et Cogema. Cotà © sur le marchà © de lEuronext Paris, Areva est composà © de quatre principaux domaines dactività ©s qui sont: le pà ´le amont (extraction et enrichissement duranium), le pà ´le aval (recyclage des combustibles nuclà ©aires), le pà ´le rà ©acteur et services (construction de rà ©acteur nuclà ©aire et services au combustible) et jusquà   rà ©cemment, le pà ´le TD (transmission et distribution dà ©lectricità ©) sur lequel porte notre à ©tude. En analysant les relations entre la stratà ©gie globale du groupe et la dà ©cision de cà ©der le pà ´le TD, puis en à ©tudiant le contexte (performance de lentreprise†¦) nous aurons alors une meilleure comprà ©hension de la dà ©cision prise. Areva dispose de compà ©tences et dun savoir faire de trà ¨s haut niveau dans son secteur, rà ©sultat de plus de 60 ans dhistoire de là ©lectronuclà ©aire franà §ais. Le groupe a pour ambition dà ªtre à   la fois le fournisseur mondial dinfrastructures nuclà ©aires mais à ©galement du combustible nà ©cessaire à   lexploitation de ces infrastructures, ainsi que des services attachà ©s à   ce combustible. Anne Lauvergeon, Prà ©sidente du groupe, compare dailleurs volontiers parfois sa stratà ©gie avec celle de Nespresso, sous-entendant que les bà ©nà ©fices viennent en grande partie de lactività © combustible. La structure intà ©grà ©e des actività ©s dAreva, de la mine au retraitement en passant par la construction de rà ©acteurs est un avantage indà ©niable par rapport à   ses concurrents. Implantà © dans plus de cent pays, les actività ©s à   linternational dAreva ont une place importante dans la stratà ©gie de croissance du groupe, en sappuyant principalement sur la renaissance du nuclà ©aire qui a lieu actuellement, et, jusquà   la cession, sur les actività ©s de TD. Lanalyse du capital dAreva permet de mieux mesurer les enjeux: LEtat franà §ais dà ©tient environ 86% des fonds propres. Cette structure de capital peut apparaà ®tre comme contraignante pour le dà ©veloppement du groupe, lEtat nà ©tant pas autorisà ©, par exemple, et ce en raison de la là ©gislation europà ©enne, à   financer les investissements et laccroissement en capital. La sortie inattendue de Siemens du capital, les retards sur le chantier de construction du rà ©acteur Finlandais, la nà ©cessità © de dà ©velopper le groupe et de conquà ©rir de nouveaux marchà ©s, amà ¨nent, daprà ¨s les experts, à   des besoins estimà ©s à   environ 12 milliards dEuros dici 2015. Ces besoins sont une des raisons qui ont incità © là ©tat à   cà ©der le pà ´le TD à   Alstom pour 4 milliards dEuros et à   rà ©flà ©chir à   une ouverture et augmentation du capital. Certains analystes ont affichà © un doute quant à   la pertinence de cette cession, lactività © TD reprà ©sentant environ 45% du rà ©sultat dAreva et sappuyant sur un rà ©seau international dense. La Prà ©sidente, elle-mà ªme, ne souhaitait pas cette session. LEtat, quant à   lui, actionnaire principal, a avancà © la nà ©cessità © de fonds propres et de recentrage des actività ©s autour du nuclà ©aire. La dà ©cision prise par le gouvernement de vendre la branche TD nous semble donc pertinente eu à ©gard au contexte: la France est experte en nuclà ©aire et souhaite conserver cet avantage en permettant à   Areva de conquà ©rir de nouveaux marchà ©s, à   lexport notamment. Le besoin de capitaux est nà ©cessaire, TD nest pas dans le cÅ“ur de mà ©tier dAreva, et cette dà ©cision vient en cohà ©rence avec dautres dà ©cisions: augmentation du capital prà ©vue, ouverture à   de nouveaux investisseurs, objectif de hausse des dividendes†¦ Introduction Lentreprise que nous avons choisi dà ©tudier est AREVA.Areva est un des leaders mondiaux sur le marchà © de la production à ©nergà ©tique nuclà ©aire. Plus particulià ¨rement nous avons choisi de nous intà ©resser à   la dà ©cision stratà ©gique de cession dune de ses filiales, Areva TD (Transmission et Distribution). Cette cession, dà ©cidà ©e courant 2009, a à ©tà © effective dà ©but 2010. Alstom et Schneider, seront les nouveaux proprià ©taires de cette filiale, pour un montant estimà © à   4 milliards deuros. La vente de cette branche dactività © dAreva a fait couler beaucoup dencre, en effet de nombreux observateurs ont soulignà © lincongruità © pour lentreprise de se sà ©parer de sa  «vache à   lait » de TD, qui reprà ©sentait plus de 30% des ventes rà ©alisà ©es par AREVA en 2008[1] et les difficultà ©s que pourrait rencontrer le Groupe dans le futur. Cette vente, largement impulsà ©e par lactionnaire majoritaire dAreva, lEtat Franà §ais, nà ©tait pas souhaità ©e par le directoire dAreva, et par sa prà ©sidente, Anne Lauvergeon. Son caractà ¨re  «prà ©cipità ©Ã‚ » sexplique en grande partie par la sortie brutale de Siemens du capital dAreva NP, la filiale dAreva spà ©cialisà ©e dans la construction de rà ©acteurs et lapprovisionnement en combustible, contraignant Areva au rachat de ces parts. Nà ©anmoins il convient de sinterroger sur le bien fondà © de cette dà ©cision, et notamment de sa cohà ©rence avec lensemble de la stratà ©gie dAreva. Pour cela nous dà ©terminerons dans un premier temps les caractà ©ristiques de lentreprise Areva, puis nous tenterons de dà ©finir les enjeux du secteur sur lequel se trouve lentreprise, avant de nous interroger sur la cohà ©rence de cette dà ©cision. I Areva, un leader sur le secteur de lenergie A/ Prà ©sentation gà ©nerale du groupe et de sa stratà ©gie Prà ©sentation generale Le groupe Areva se dà ©finie comme  «lun des leaders mondiaux des solutions pour la production dà ©nergie sans CO ²Ã‚ » (daprà ¨s le document de rà ©fà ©rence 2009 de lentreprise) et il exerce ses actività ©s sur un secteur en plein essor: le marchà © porteur de là ©nergie. Il a su dà ©velopper des compà ©tences et un savoir faire particulier ce qui fait de lui  «un acteur de rà ©fà ©rence, au cÅ“ur des enjeux à ©nergà ©tiques. » Ses actività ©s concernent là ©nergie nuclà ©aire (construction de rà ©acteurs, exploitation nuclà ©aire, transport des matià ¨res radioactives) ainsi que les à ©nergies renouvelables (à ©oliennes) et le transport de là ©lectricità ©. Ce large portefeuille dactività © est le principal atout du groupe puisquen à ©tant prà ©sent sur toute la chaine du cycle nuclà ©aire il peut proposer à   ses clients des offres uniques à   chaque à ©tape de la chaine de valeur et des services associà ©s pour amà ©liorer lefficacità © à ©nergà ©tique des rà ©seaux et respecter lenvironnement. Sa prà ©sidente est Anne Lauvergeon depuis la crà ©ation de la socià ©tà © en 2001. Areva emploie 47817 personnes dans les actività ©s nuclà ©aires et renouvelables, le groupe est fortement implantà © à   linternational. En 2009, son chiffre daffaires consolidà © sest à ©levà © à   8 529 millions deuros et son rà ©sultat net à   552 millions deuros. La stratà ©gie globale du groupe Pour illustrer la stratà ©gie gà ©nà ©rale du groupe nous pouvons reprendre le propos de sa prà ©sidente dans une interview du 10 juillet 2008 pour le magazine Challenges:  «Luranium est un des à ©là ©ments moteurs de notre succà ¨s. Notre modà ¨le, cest Nespresso: nous vendons les cafetià ¨res, et le cafà © qui va avec. Et le cafà ©, cest trà ¨s rentable. Ainsi en Chine, nous avons vendu deux à ®lots nuclà ©aires, plus 35% de la production dUranium, dont nous sommes proprià ©taires. Cela illustre notre modà ¨le intà ©grà ©Ã‚ ». Grà ¢ce à   ce modà ¨le dintà ©gration verticale, le groupe peut anticiper les besoins du marchà ©, satisfaire au mieux la demande et ainsi avoir une longueur davance sur ses concurrents. Sa stratà ©gie est de proposer des offres multiproduits/multiservices innovantes et adaptà ©es aux nouvelles attentes des clients. Il a de plus une parfaite maitrise technologique (reconnue sur lensemble de la filià ¨re) qui sappuie sur 50 ans de recherche, des dà ©penses en RD importantes, des procà ©dà ©s proprià ©taires et des rà ©acteurs de nouvelles gà ©nà ©ration; si bien que pour lannà ©e 2009 son carnet de commande sà ©value à   prà ¨s de 43302 millions deuros. Sur le marchà © du nuclà ©aire, Areva est lun des seuls acteurs complà ¨tement intà ©grà © sur toutes les actività ©s du cycle du combustible et de la construction de centrales nuclà ©aires; il a donc a à ©tablie sa stratà ©gie sur une vision du nuclà ©aire civil à   lhorizon 2030. Dà ¨s 2006, le groupe a engagà © un programme dinvestissements importants pour lui permettre de saisir les opportunità ©s de marchà © lià ©es à   la renaissance du nuclà ©aire dans les diffà ©rents pays et ainsi conforter son statut dacteur de rà ©fà ©rence dans ce domaine. La maitrise de la chaine des approvisionnements en composants critiques par exemple est lun des facteurs clà ©s de succà ¨s pour le groupe. Avec la croissance du nuclà ©aire, Areva a aussi pour objectif de sà ©curiser le cycle du combustible pour ses clients actuels et futurs, ainsi que de trouver des solutions durables pour la gestion du combustible usà ©. AREVA dispose dans ce domaine dune avance majeure, puisque le groupe a dà ©veloppà © une technologie qui permet de recycler 96 % des matià ¨res contenues dans les combustibles usà ©s et de les valoriser sous forme de combustible. Ensuite, fort des synergies entre le nuclà ©aire et les à ©nergies renouvelables, le groupe souhaite dà ©velopper une large gamme de solutions dans les à ©nergies renouvelables puisquil en a lexpertise technique et que ce secteur est en plein essor. Pour mettre en Å“uvre sa stratà ©gie, Areva sappuie sur plusieurs facteurs incontournables:  § Le capital humain: en 2009, le groupe a recrutà © 12675 personnes.  § La RD: 6% du CA en moyenne depuis 2005  § Les investissements industriels: Sur la pà ©riode 2010 -2012, AREVA prà ©voit une dà ©pense de 6,5 milliards deuros dinvestissements (hors acquisitions).  § Les partenariats stratà ©giques: ils apportent leur savoir faire et leur technicità © et leur connaissance des marchà ©s locaux B/ Les Domaines dactività ©s stratà ©giques Areva, possà ¨de plusieurs domaines dactività ©s stratà ©giques, tous relià ©s au secteur de là ©nergie. Ces actività ©s se dà ©composent en 4 pà ´les eux-mà ªmes dà ©coupà ©s en business unit.  § Le pà ´le Amont: extraction et enrichissement duranium  § Le pà ´le Aval: recyclage des combustibles nuclà ©aires  § Le pà ´le rà ©acteurs et services: construction de rà ©acteurs nuclà ©aires  § Le pà ´le transmission et distribution dà ©lectricità ©: fabrication et installation dà ©quipements. Le pà ´le Amont: produire du combustible Cette actività © regroupe lensemble des mà ©tiers situà ©s en amont de la chaine de la production dà ©lectricità © dorigine nuclà ©aire. Il a rà ©alisà © un CA de prà ¨s de 3,47milliards deuros en 2009 (prà ¨s des deux tiers en Europe) et permet au groupe de croitre davantage. On peut distinguer plusieurs sous actività ©sou business unit: Mines: la recherche, lextraction et la concentration duranium (mines exploità ©es au Canada, au Niger et au Kazakhstan)à   25% du CA en 2009 du pà ´le Amont Chimie: La conversion en hexafluorure duranium (chimie)à   7% du CA Enrichissement: les services denrichissement duraniumà   34% du CA Combustible: les actività ©s de conception et de production du combustible nuclà ©aireà   34% Reprà ©sentant 41% du CA total dAreva en 2009, le modà ¨le à ©conomique de ce pà ´le est basà © sur de lourds investissements à   long terme et repose sur « la capacità © à   offrir tous les produits et services nà ©cessaires à   lalimentation des centrales nuclà ©aires. » Areva est lun des leaders mondiaux de lamont du cycle nuclà ©aire. Le pà ´le rà ©acteurs et services Ce pà ´le consiste à   concevoir et à   fabriquer des rà ©acteurs nuclà ©aires de 2à ¨me gà ©nà ©ration (rà ©acteurs à   eau sous pression et rà ©acteurs à   eau bouillante) et des rà ©acteurs REP de 3à ¨me gà ©nà ©ration. Areva produit aussi des rà ©acteurs à   propulsion navale et des rà ©acteurs de recherche. A cela sajoute les actività ©s de services de maintenance et des actività ©s dà ©dià ©es aux à ©nergies renouvelables (ex: fabrication dà ©oliennes). Il rà ©alise en 2009 un CA de 3418 millions deuros soit environ 40% du CA dAreva. On distingue 7 business unit: Les rà ©acteurs (41% du CA du pà ´le) Les services nuclà ©aires (24%) Areva TA (12%) Equipements (9%) Mesures nuclà ©aires (5%) Conseils et systà ¨me dinformation (4%) Energies renouvelables (5%) Les rà ©acteurs dAREVA sont implantà ©s dans les principales rà ©gions du monde : Europe occidentale, Amà ©riques, Chine, Corà ©e du Sud et Afrique du Sud. Ses principaux concurrents sont des groupes comme Westinghouse/Toshiba ou General Electric/ Hitachi. Lallemand Siemens dà ©tient 34% du capital de la filiale Areva NP qui se charge de la fabrication des rà ©acteurs civils. Or celui-ci a annoncà © quil souhaitait revendre progressivement ses parts pour sallier avec le russe Atomenergoprom ce qui pourrait mettre Areva en difficultà © puisque ce DAS lui rapporte 40% du CA en 2009 Areva a voulu à ©largir son offre avec le business unit  «Ãƒ ©nergies renouvelables » et se dà ©veloppe dans là ©olien, les bioà ©nergies (centrales à   biomasses et à   biogaz clà © en main) En 2010 le groupe acquiert la socià ©tà © Ausra spà ©cialisà ©e dans les technologies du solaire thermique de concentration et cela lui permet de devenir un acteur majeur dans le domaine des à ©nergies renouvelables, et proposer à   ses clients des centrales solaires compà ©titives et efficaces. Le pà ´le Aval: gestion des combustibles Il rà ©alise en 2009 un CA de 1,637 milliard deuros contre 1,692 en 2008. Il reprà ©sente 19% du CA du groupe et concerne toutes les actività ©s lià ©es au traitement et au recyclage des combustibles usà ©s: cest-à  -dire la rà ©cupà ©ration et valorisation des dà ©chets duranium et de plutonium en mà ©langes doxyde, la fabrication de rà ©servoirs de stockage des dà ©chets, lassainissement des sites†¦ Il y a 5 business unit: Traitement et recyclage: cette BU rà ©cupà ¨re les matià ¨res valorisables (uranium et plutonium) des combustibles usà ©s afin de les recycler sous une autre forme de combustible à   61% du CA de lactività © Valorisation: Cest lorganisation de lassainissement des à ©quipements et installations, dà ©mantà ¨lement des sites à   14 % Logistique: transport et emballage des dà ©chets nuclà ©airesà   15% Assainissement: maintenance dinstallations, dà ©contamination et dà ©mantà ¨lement des sites à  7% Ingà ©nierie: assister les opà ©rateurs nuclà ©aires dans là ©volution de leurs installations à  2% Le groupe grà ¢ce à   ce DAS possà ¨de un avantage compà ©titif particulià ¨rement important (contexte de rà ©duction de lempreinte nuclà ©aire et de lacceptation du nuclà ©aire par le grand public) en lui permettant dà ªtre leader mondial sur cette partie du cycle nuclà ©aire. En effet, lintà ©rà ªt de cette actività © rà ©side dans le fait que le recyclage du combustible usà © contribue à   à ©conomiser les ressources naturelles en uranium. De plus, il facilite la gestion des dà ©chets radioactifs en rà ©duisant significativement leur volume et leur radio-toxicità ©. Plusieurs pays, qui souhaitent lancer un programme à ©lectronuclà ©aire ambitieux, se tournent vers la technologie du recyclage, Areva apparait donc comme lacteur incontournable. Dans ce domaine, les procà ©dà ©s technologiques mis en Å“uvre par Areva ont atteint leur maturità © industrielle et permettent doffrir aux clients des conditions commerciales compà ©titives. Le pà ´le TD Il propose des systà ¨mes permettant le transport dà ©lectricità © (moyenne et haute tension) du lieu de production vers le client final. En outre Areva installe des systà ¨mes complets et fournie des services adaptà ©s à   chaque segment de marchà © (transmission, distribution et industrie à ©lectro-intensive). Les solutions proposà ©es par le pà ´le permettent de faire fonctionner les rà ©seaux à ©lectriques de manià ¨re fiable, stable tout en respectant lenvironnement. On peut dà ©composer ce pà ´le en 4 business unit: Produit: la conception et fabrication de produits de moyenne et haute tension pour acheminer là ©lectricità © de la centrale jusquaux utilisateursà  55% du CA Systà ¨mes: linstallation de systà ¨mes à ©lectroniques et informatiques lià ©s à   la gestion des rà ©seauxà  30 % Automation: la fabrication et linstallation de sources de pilotage en temps rà ©el des rà ©seaux à ©lectroniquesà  9% Services: assistance aux clients, maintenance et de rà ©parationà  6 % du CA Ce domaine dactività © stratà ©gique dAreva contribue à   faire de la socià ©tà © un leader sur le marchà ©. Depuis 2004, là ©quipe dirigeante dAREVA TD a mis en Å“uvre des plans damà ©lioration sur 3 ans, qui ont contribuà © au repositionnement de lentreprise. En effet, la marge dexploitation dAREVA TD est passà ©e de 3,2 % en 2004 à   7,4 % en 2009 Ce pà ´le a rà ©alisà © un CA en 2009 de 5,474 milliards deuros, mais bien quà ©tant lactività ©  «vache à   lait » du groupe, il est actuellement en cours de cession. Cest le pà ´le le plus internationalisà © du groupe avec plus de 60% du CA du pà ´le rà ©alisà © hors de lEurope. C/ Linternationalisation Dà ¨s la crà ©ation dAREVA, lobjectif du groupe à ©tait de devenir un leader mondial dans ses mà ©tiers et dassurer une prà ©sence internationale sur tous les mà ©tiers du nuclà ©aire. Le groupe a donc dà ©veloppà © une stratà ©gie dinternationalisation afin de bà ©nà ©ficier dune base de clients à ©largie et simplanter au niveau mondial. Aujourdhui AREVA est un groupe mondial avec une prà ©sence commerciale dans plus de 100 pays et qui ne cesse de se dà ©velopper. Le groupe AREVA dans le monde Source: www.areva.com En Europe, AREVA est vite devenu un leader dans ses mà ©tiers. Cette fusion a permis au groupe de faire directement face à   la concurrence mondiale, notamment celle dAsie et dAmà ©rique du Nord. Le groupe AREVA a donc dabord utilisà © une stratà ©gie de croissance de fusion avant de pouvoir lancer son internationalisation. Aujourdhui les perspectives de croissance en Europe sont assez positives. Le marchà © du nuclà ©aire continue de se dà ©velopper en Europe de lOuest et des projets sont en cours de prà ©paration en Europe de lEst. Le marchà © des à ©nergies renouvelables est aussi en pleine croissance grà ¢ce à   la volontà © de lUnion Europà ©enne de dà ©velopper ce type dà ©nergie. La zone Europe reprà ©sente 57% du chiffre daffaires du groupe en 2008. En Amà ©rique du Nord, limplantation a commencà © avec lacquisition de la socià ©tà © amà ©ricaine Canberra et puis Duke Engineering en 2002, qui renforce la position dAREVA en tant que pilier dans le secteur de là ©nergie. La stratà ©gie à ©tait donc de simplanter rapidement afin de pà ©nà ©trer le marchà © efficacement. Cependant, cette stratà ©gie peut à ªtre critiquà ©e car une implantation aussi rapide nà ©cessite des frais dintà ©gration en termes de construction de culture dentreprise et de business model cohà ©rent dans tout le groupe. Aujourdhui le chiffre daffaires dans la zone Amà ©rique est en là ©gà ¨re baisse mais les perspectives de croissance sont positives, notamment sur le marchà © des à ©nergies renouvelables avec les marchà ©s de la bioà ©nergie en forte expansion au Brà ©sil. La zone Amà ©rique correspond à   14, 7 % du chiffre daffaires total en 2008. Dans la zone Asie et Pacifique, le groupe AREVA possà ¨de 11 sites industriels, une usine quil dà ©tient à   100%. De plus, le groupe a mis en place des partenariats avec des entreprises locales, appelà ©es  «co-entreprises ». Cette stratà ©gie est assez cohà ©rente à ©tant donnà ©, quAREVA cherchait à   pà ©nà ©trer le marchà © Asiatique assez rapidement et les partenariats avec des entreprises locales vont permettre au groupe de mieux cerner les enjeux et les habitudes culturelles de travailler dans cette zone et dans ce secteur. Le marchà © Asiatique a une taille trà ¨s importante, lInde et la Chine sont des pays avec de forte consommation en à ©nergie. La Corà ©e du Sud et le Japon dà ©veloppent la construction de centrale nuclà ©aire. Par ailleurs, le marchà © des à ©nergies renouvelables est aussi en dà ©veloppement dans cette zone, avec la volontà © des gouvernements de favoriser la bioà ©nergie, le solaire et la fibre hydrogà ¨ne. La zone Asie et P acifique reprà ©sente 19,5% du chiffres daffaires total en 2008. Le groupe AREVA est aussi prà ©sent dans la zone Afrique et Moyen-Orient et intervient majoritairement dans les actività ©s des Business Groups Mines, Amont et Rà ©acteurs Services. AREVA exploite luranium au Niger, oà ¹ le groupe bà ©nà ©ficie de tarifs prà ©fà ©rentiels. Par ailleurs, cest au Qatar, que la filià ¨re TD signe son plus grand contrat. Le groupe AREVA veille donc à   saccaparer les opportunità ©s intà ©ressantes dans la zone Afrique et Moyen-Orient. Les perspectives de croissance ne sont intà ©ressantes à   lheure actuelle que pour le marchà © de là ©nergie nuclà ©aire avec lintà ©rà ªt des pays du Golfe et ceux dAfrique du Nord pour lutilisation de cette à ©nergie. Source: www.areva.com Le groupe AREVA a su donc se dà ©velopper à   linternationale assez rapidement en cernant les marchà ©s avec les perspectives les plus intà ©ressantes. Cependant, on peut noter que cette implantation sest faite dans une durà ©e de temps trà ¨s rapide dans certaines rà ©gions grà ¢ce à   lacquisition de socià ©tà ©s locales. Cette stratà ©gie permet au groupe AREVA de pà ©nà ©trer le marchà © efficacement et dà ©crocher des contrats intà ©ressants. Nà ©anmoins, il est important de souligner que chaque zone gà ©ographique doit à ªtre rassemblà ©e sous là ©gide dune culture et dun business model commun. Les concurrents dAREVA, ont pour la plupart une histoire beaucoup moins rà ©cente et se sont dà ©veloppà ©s à   linternationale avec une stratà ©gie diffà ©rente. Le groupe amà ©ricain Westinghouse sest implantà © par le biais de fusion et dacquisition notamment en Europe. D/ les actionnaires Structure de lactionnariat AREVA a à ©tà © crà ©Ãƒ © le 3 septembre 2001, à   partir de lex-structure CEA-Industrie dont le capital à ©tait dà ©tenu à   95 % par le CEA (Commissariat à   là ©nergie atomique). Aujourdhui, la participation du secteur public(CEA, Etat et ERAP) dans le capital du groupe sà ©là ¨ve à  87 %. Les4 % de capitaux flottantsont dà ©tenus par lesporteurs de certificats dinvestissement. Depuis, de nombreux actionnaires (Total, EDF) ont apportà © diverses participations minoritaires dà ©tenues principalement dans COGEMA (devenue, depuis, AREVA NC) et Framatome SA (devenue AREVA NP) en à ©change de titres du nouveau groupe AREVA. La participation de lactionnaire historique (le CEA) est passà ©e de 95,1% à   78,96% à   lissue de ces opà ©rations. Alcatel, qui dà ©tenait 2,23% du capital du nouveau groupe AREVA, a vendu sa participation le 21 dà ©cembre 2001 à   la Caisse des Dà ©pà ´ts et Consignations (CDC). Cette dernià ¨re qui possà ©dait 1,36% du capital sest ainsi renforcà ©e à   un niveau de 3,59%.[2] Evolution de lactionnariat Source: http://www.areva.com/FR/finance-402/index.html Actionnaire 2009 De 2001 à   2008 2000 Capital Vote Capital Vote Capital Vote CEA 78,96% 82,99%* 78,96% 82,99% 95,14% 100,00% Etat 5,19 % 5,19 % 5,19 % 5,19 % CDC 3,59 % 3,59 % 3,59 % 3,59 % ERAP 3,21 % 3,21 % 3,21 % 3,21 % EDF 2,42 % 2,42 % 2,42 % 2,42 % Framà ©pargne** 0,62 % 0,62 % 0,62 % 0,62 % CALYON** 0,96 % 0,96 % 0,96 % 0,96 % Total 1,02 % 1,02 % 1,02 % 1,02 % Porteurs de CI 4,03 % 4,03 % 4,86 % 0,00 % AREVAauto-Contà ´le 0,2 % Lactionnariat dAREVA est partagà ©: lEtat franà §ais est proprià ©taire direct et indirect: 5.19% de dà ©tention propre et 78.96% et 3.59% à   travers respectivement le Commissariat à   lEnergie Atomique ainsi que la Caisse des Dà ©pà ´ts et Consignation. Dautre part, des actionnaires minoritaires sont proprià ©taires du reste du capital de lentreprise (ce sont en majorità © de grands groupes franà §ais qui dà ©tiennent ces participations tels quEramet ou Safran.) Evolution du cours de laction Lintroduction en bourse de lentreprise Areva date de septembre 2001. La valeur du titre na cessà © de croitre sur la pà ©riode 2001-2007; le titre à ©tant passà © de 163.8 euros à   731.38 en moyenne. Ensuite, en une annà ©e, il a perdu plus du double de sa valeur pour atteindre un cours moyen en 2008 de 335 euros. Ceci sexplique par plusieurs facteurs, notamment une baisse de là ©nergie nuclà ©aire qui est intervenue en 2008 mais à ©galement la mauvaise à ©valuation de certains chantierscomme celui du rà ©acteur finlandais dOlkiluoto oà ¹ le coà »t de construction du rà ©acteur a à ©tà © dà ©passà © de plus de deux et milliards deuros. Consà ©quences de la structure actionnariale sur la stratà ©gie du groupe Les dà ©cisions stratà ©giques du groupe AREVA ne peuvent à ªtre prises sans laval du gouvernement franà §ais, ce qui a pour effet de minimiser le rà ´le des dirigeants de lentreprise. Ce postulat est trà ¨s important et contraint fortement le groupe dans ses politiques de financement. En revanche, Cette proprià ©tà © de lEtat parait là ©gitime : eu à ©gard de limportance des coà »ts fixes pour une telle socià ©tà ©, aucun dà ©veloppement naurait à ©tà © possible sans la prà ©sence dun investisseur aussi important que lEtat. De surcroà ®t, cest lEtat qui permet, à   travers les visites prà ©sidentielles, à   lentreprise de nà ©gocier de gros contrats dans les pays à ©trangers. Toutefois, il convient de relativiser limportance de lEtat puisque celui-ci a prà ©vu de rà ©duire ses parts lors dune augmentation de capital qui devrait intervenir cet à ©tà © (annà ©e 2010) et dont il na pas prà ©vu de participer (seule une participation symbolique est prà ©vue). E/ la performance de lentreprise vis -à  -vis de ses concurrents Performance à ©conomique au sein de la filià ¨re  § Chiffre daffaire LEurope est le principal marchà © client dAREVA, totalisant 63,6% du CA en 2009 dont 38,2% est rà ©alisà © en France. Cette tendance est particulià ¨rement marquà ©e pour les pà ´les AMONT et REACTEURS ET SERVICES dont environ 75% de lactività © provient de France et des autres pays europà ©ens. AREVA connait donc une forte dà ©pendance auprà ¨s du marchà © europà ©en. Par ailleurs, les ventes rà ©alisà ©es en Asie-Pacifique et aux Amà ©riques reprà ©sentent un tiers du chiffre daffaire, tandis que le groupe a pà ¢tit dun change euro/dollar dà ©favorable. A là ©chelle internationale, AREVA connaà ®t une forte concurrence au sein des actività ©s AMONT, devancà ©e par CAMECO et RIO TINTO dans lextraction, puis par URENCO et USEC dans lenrichissement. Son principal concurrent, prà ©sent sur lensemble des actività ©s AMONT et REACTEURS et SERVICES est le russe Atomenergoprom. AREVA conserve sa position de leader international au sein pà ´le AVAL. Son chiffre daffaire a cependant reculà © de 17% en 2008 et de 3,3% en 2009. En effet, cette actività © rà ©pond essentiellement au besoin dEDF dont AREVA est dà ©pendante. De ce point de vue, AREVA a su capter un contrat important signà © avec EDF en 2008 pour le recyclage de combustibles usà ©s de 2008 à   2040. Part du chiffre daffaire des principaux acteurs de la filià ¨re nuclà ©aire en 2008 (source à ©tude Xerfi 9CHE27) :  § Acquisitions Le groupe a soutenu la croissance du pà ´le TD en 2009 grà ¢ce à   plusieurs acquisitions qui lui ont permis dà ªtre compà ©titif sur le vieux continent. Il a gà ©nà ©rà © en 2008 38% du CA et 10% des commandes conduisant ainsi à   une croissance de 17% par rapport à   lannà ©e prà ©cà ©dente. Les chiffres de 2009 ne sont pas dà ©taillà ©s dans le document de rà ©fà ©rence de 2009 publià © par Areva, lactività © à ©tant en cours de cession. Il a par ailleurs investi dans les à ©nergies renouvelables grà ¢ce à   lacquisition de là ©quipementier brà ©silien Koblitz, gà ©ant de la construction clà © en main de centrales à ©lectriques biomasses ou hydroà ©lectriques. AREVA devient pour le moment un des constructeurs de centrales dont loffre est la plus diversifià ©e.  § Rà ©sultat opà ©rationnel Malgrà © la hausse du chiffre daffaire, le rà ©sultat opà ©rationnel a lui chutà © presque de moitià © (-44,3% en 2008). Cela sexplique notamment par les difficultà ©s rencontrà ©es dans la construction de lEPR OL3 en Finlande pour lequel 749 millions deuros de provisions ont du à ªtre passà ©es.  § Ratios dutilisation des actifs Daprà ¨s les donnà ©es de In financials au 31/12/2009, AREVA prà ©sente un  «cash ratio » (total du cash disponible sur les dettes courantes) de 9,35%, soit 12 points infà ©rieurs à   la moyenne de ses concurrents. Le groupe dispose de peu de liquidità ©s, ce qui peut le mettre en difficultà ©s à ©tant donnà © lintensità © capitalistique de lindustrie nuclà ©aire. Ainsi, si AREVA veut conserver son avance sur ses concurrents elle sera amenà ©e à   rà ©cupà ©rer du cash afin dinvestir massivement. La performance à ©conomique du groupe est tout de mà ªme satisfaisante avec une rentabilità © des capitaux propres de 1,95 soit plus dun point supà ©rieure à   la moyenne de ses concurrents.  § Participations Le groupe semble opà ©rer une stratà ©gie de recentrage pour ne garder que les participations majoritaires autour de lactività © de production dà ©nergie nuclà ©aire. En effet, il a annoncà © sa volontà © de cà ©der ses participations dans lopà ©rateur minier et de mà ©tallurgie Eramet et dans le fabriquant de semi-conducteur STMicroelectronics. Position dAREVA vis-à  -vis de ses concurrents  § Partenariats Le secteur du nuclà ©aire à ©tant trà ¨s concentrà © et fortement capitalistique, les spà ©cialistes mondiaux des centrales clà ©s en main ont à ©tà © amenà © à   signer des alliances stratà ©giques à   plusieurs niveaux: Stratà ©gique: en sassociant avec des socià ©tà ©s dextraction duranium afin dassurer lapprovisionnement en matià ¨res premià ¨res. Exemple: Areva et Kazaromprom Technologique: dà ©veloppement de coopà ©ration intra branche pour construire des rà ©acteurs communs, atteindre rapidement une taille critique et bà ©nà ©ficier de synergies dans le domaine des achats, des savoir-faire technologiques. Exemples: Hitachi et GE (2007), Areva et MHI (2008), Siemens et Atomenergoprom (2010) Economique: en sassociant avec des distributeurs dà ©lectricità ©s locaux afin dapporter au client une solution complà ¨te de la construction à   lexploitation. Exemple: Areva et E.On au Royaume-Uni, Areva, GDF Suez et Total  · Compà ©titività © sur le vieux continent Siemens qui dà ©tient 34% du capital dAREVA NP a annoncà © fin janvier 2009 quil cà ¨derait totalement ses parts dici à   2012 pour mettre fin à   ce partenariat financier. Siemens explique son dà ©sengagement par linsuffisante coopà ©ration managà ©riale. Ce partenariat permettait