Solubility Product From Solubility Example Problem

This example problem demonstrates how to determine the solubility product of an ionic solid in water from a substances solubility. Problem The solubility of silver chloride, AgCl, is 1.26 x 10-5 M at 25 Â °C.The solubility of barium fluoride, BaF2, is 3.15 x 10-3 M at 25 Â °C.Calculate the solubility product, Ksp, of both compounds. Solution The key to solving solubility problems is to properly set up your dissociation reactions and define solubility. AgCl The dissociation reaction of AgCl in water isAgCl (s) ↔ Ag (aq) Cl- (aq)For this reaction, each mole of AgCl that dissolves produces 1 mole of both Ag and Cl-. The solubility would then equal the concentration of either the Ag or Cl ions.solubility [Ag] [Cl-]1.26 x 10-5 M [Ag] [Cl-]Ksp [Ag][Cl-]Ksp (1.26 x 10-5)(1.26 x 10-5)Ksp 1.6 x 10-10 BaF2 The dissociation reaction of BaF2 in water isBaF2 (s) ↔ Ba (aq) 2 F- (aq)This reaction shows that for every mole of BaF2 that dissolves, 1 mole of Ba and 2 moles of F- are formed. The solubility is equal to the concentration of the Ba ions in solution.solubility [Ba] 7.94 x 10-3 M[F-] 2 [Ba]Ksp [Ba][F-]2Ksp ([Ba])(2 [Ba])2Ksp 4[Ba]3Ksp 4(7.94 x 10-3 M)3Ksp 4(5 x 10-7)Ksp 2 x 10-6 Answer The solubility product of AgCl is 1.6 x 10-10.The solubility product of BaF2 is 2 x 10-6.

The Mythology Of The Iliad - 1277 Words

In The Iliad, the Olympian Gods were depicted as a group of individuals who were still completely vulnerable to mistake and harm despite their great power. Zeus was one, if not the biggest and most powerful God among all other Gods. Known as the King of the Gods, Zeus was a mighty, dominant, and seemingly supreme God, despite his tendency to show surprising silliness and sometimes, the lack of wisdom through his choices, especially when it came to love affairs, which eventually led to many problems that could have been prevented. Zeus, in The Iliad, Zeus is a representation of how ancient Gods were just normal humans equipped with a great degree of power and capabilities, but they have the tendency to show humanly behavior and mistakes. In the Homer’s Iliad, Gods are very susceptible to human desire. At some point, Gods can act more â€Å"human† than actual humans would act. They would think, act, speak, and do other things just like a human being. The only thing that s eems to differ Gods and human is their immortality, power and authority over things. Compared to the gods found in Abrahamic religions, Greek Gods base their decisions and action without principle but feelings and their personal opinion. Greek God are known to be capricious, prone to arguments over insignificant things, showing a very close relationship with human behavior. These characteristics of Greek Gods are probably generated due to the lack of need to thrive and survive since they are immortal andShow MoreRelatedGreek Mythology And Mythology Of The Iliad, Oedipus Rex And Others1294 Words   |  6 Pagesbeen shaped by mythology and religion. The impacts of ancient cultures in particular are felt worldwide through a variety of mediums. Others have referenced ancient cultures for a long time, in hopes of better understanding them. Examples of this have been seen throughout the world, especially in Greek culture. The ancient Greeks had a rich culture, which they used often in t heir works; examples of this are seen in the Iliad, Oedipus Rex and others. The existence of Greek mythology and narrativesRead MoreGreek Mythology : The Epic Tale The Iliad1179 Words   |  5 PagesGreek mythology played a large role in Greek artistic styles and functions. In the case of this study, the mythological god Apollo is the subject of the artistic works of the votive known as the â€Å"Mantiklos Apollo† and the statue of â€Å"Apollo† that was found in Pireaus. These figures show a natural progression in style and technique. They are important because they represent the sacred beliefs and superstitions of their respective cultures and time periods. The two stylistic periods represented inRead MoreConflict Within The Mythology Of The Iliad By Homer946 Words   |  4 Pageswith emotion and struggle between the forces as they try to combat each other through various means. 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The story ,in its own, contained the use of epic characteristics, which reveal further characteristics of the Greeks. A large influence on the book, was the Greeks religious and mythological stance along with their strengths and weaknesses that were alsoRead MoreEssay on The Impact of Women in The Iliad579 Words   |  3 Pagesthe decisions that Franklin D. Roosevelt made. Women of Homers epic, The Iliad, were considered primary instigators of the Trojan war. The characteristics attributed to women in ancient Greek mythology may have been key to the outbreak of the war. But many ask why Homer would choose to reflect so deeply on the feminine roles of this war fought by men. Although the beginning of the war was not spoken of in The Iliad, the origin of the war is traced back to jealous goddesses. The gods and goddesses

Animal Endangerment And Extinction Of Habitat - 925 Words

I. Animal Endangerment/Extinction II. Abused/Abandoned Animals III. Over Farming/Land Misuse IV. Environmental Pollution V. Deforestation I. Animal Endangerment/Extinction A. Destruction of Habitat B. Pollution C. Hunting and Fishing II. Abused/Abandoned Animals A. Confined, Major Culprit Climate Change B. Huge Amounts of Manure, Pollutes Soil C. Dead Animals, Pollutes the quality of life for individuals who live close. III. Over Farmed/Land Misuse A. Soil Erosion B. Land Degradation C. Genetic Erosion IV. Environmental Pollution A. Grave and Irreparable Damage B. Air Pollution C. Water, Soil, Noise, Light V. Deforestation A. Permanent Destruction of Forest B. Damage to the quality of Land C. Excessive Devastation/Clearing I. Animal Endangerment/Extinction A. Destruction of Habitat/Effects on the environment 1. Animals are endangered and becoming extinct, because humans have no regards for the natural habitat that animals need to survive, less causing animal death which pollutes soil. 2. Animals are used in environmental enrichment strategies, and wildlife research, etc. B. Pollution 1. The presence or introduction into the environment of a substance, or thing that has harmful or poisonous effects. 2. Pollution effects, Environmental pollution has been a fact of life for many years/centuries, but it became a real problem since the state of the industrial revolution. C. Hunting and Fishing/Effects on the Environment 1. Hunting effects many things,Show MoreRelatedWhat Causes Mammals To Be Extinct?1098 Words   |  4 Pagesthe world, there are many factors that cause mammals to become extinct. Climate change is a common factor in what causes mammals to become endangered and later extinct. Climate change mostly caused extinction for two out of every three large mammals in the world. 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The Red list is the world’s inventory of the global status of biological species sixteen thousand, three hundred and six of species are threatened with extinction(iucnredlist.org). A species goes extinct if it is not able to adapt to changes in its environmentRead MoreEndangered Animals Are Endangered Species1178 Words   |  5 PagesEvery year Florida’s wildlife animal numbers decrease at an alarming rate. Endangered animals exist all over the world, but Florida’s official state animal is one of the most endangered animals in the entire world. The main reason some animals become declared as endangered is humans. Humans have caused a huge toll on the wildlife’s lifespan and have become a burden in their natural way of living. It is how the human population behaves that decides whether these animals can live a normal life or pushesRead MoreEndangered Tigers : The Threats Of Endangered Tigers824 Words   |  4 Pagesthen the next day theyre gone. 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Phylogenetic Classification Systems †Free Samples for Students

Question: Discuss About the Phylogenetic Classification Systems? Answer: Introducation The earlier taxonomic and phylogenetic classification systems were based on morphology. As the science of microscopy developed and it became possible to study the cellular structure, classification of organisms was based on the differences in cell structure. With the advent of ability to sequence DNA and RNA, it became possible to compare the sequences. This led to the ability to distinguish between organisms on the basis of dissimilarities between the sequences. The three tax domains as per the current system of classification are eubacteria and archaeabacteria, both prokaryotic and the eukaryotes. Prokaryotes and eukaryotes were earlier differentiated on the basis of cellular morphology. The absence or presence of nucleus was the main structure that differentiated them. Carl Woese suggested that the classification should be based on the 16S rRNA or 18S rRNA sequences rather than on morphological differences (Woese, Kandler, Wheelis, 1990). The basis for earlier methods for classification was organism based, it was later based on cellular Management and is now based on differences at the molecular level. As a result phylogeny is now understood on a molecular basis rather than a phenotypic basis. The basis for description of eukaryotes appeared to be based on the shared complexity of cellular organisation. But the same was not true for prokaryotes, the differences amongst the organisms could not be phylogenetically described just because these cells did not contain a nucleus. This was revealed when it was discovered that the archaeabacteria are as different from bacteria as the y are different from the eukaryotes and thus three domains were proposed, namely, eubacteria, archaeabacteria and the eukaryotes. The archaeabacteria that were studied later are methanogenic, thermophilic and tolerant to high salt concentrations, conditions that were prevalent on earth in ancient times. All organisms have DNA and the genes are expressed through protein synthesis. Ribosomes are the sites for protein synthesis and rRNA molecules are components of ribosomes. The rRNA molecules are also encoded by DNA. Mutations have occurred in the rRNA genes during evolution. The reason why rRNA was suited to be the molecule of choice for molecular phylogeny was because it was present in all organisms and the mutations that occurred in the molecule were such that they allowed the formation of ribosomes. Any mutation that could have disrupted the formation of ribosomes was eliminated through natural selection. rRNA can be easily isolated in the laboratory and comparison of rRNA sequences from two organisms can help determine how closely (or distantly) they are related on an evolutionary time scale. The rRNA molecules fold into secondary and tertiary structures due to complementary base sequences. The tertiary structure of rRNA exhibits differences between eubacteria, archaebacteria and eukaryotes. The small subunit rRNA in the eubacteria is different from the archaebacteria and eukaryotes between bases 500 to 545 that form the bulge that protrudes from the stalk in the tertiary structure. It is 6 nucleotides long in the former while the bulge is made up of seven nucleotides in the latter, the compositions of the nucleotide stretches are also different in eubacteria. The region of small subunit rRNA in eukaryotes has a sequence between nucleotides 585 and 655 which is peculiar to the domain (Gutell, Weiser, Woese, Noller, 1985). The prokaryotes have a different but common structure in the corresponding region. The archaebacteria have a unique domain in their 16S rRNA between 180-197 positions and between 405 and 498 positions (Woese, Gutell, Gupta, Noller, 1983). A comparison of the three domains yields similarities between the eubacteria and the archaeabacteria but more similarities occur between the archaeans and the eukaryotes. The nuclear membrane and unit-membrane enclosed organelles are present in the eukaryotes but re absent among the two prokaryotic domains. The eubacteria have a peptidoglycan cell wall that is absent in the other two domains. Eubacteria have only one kind of RNA polymerase while archaebacteria and eukaryotes have several kinds of RNA polymerases that share structural homology (Huet, Schnabel, Sentenac, Zillig, 1983). During protein synthesis the initiator amino acid among the eubacteria is formyl-methionine, but methionine is the initiator amino acid in the other two domains. Both archaebacteria and eukaryotes have genes with introns but eubacteria have genes without introns. Antibiotics like streptomycin and chloramphenicol can only inhibit the eubacteria. DNA is packaged with the help of histone proteins in the eu karyotes, some archaeabacterial species but none of the eubacteria. The prokaryotes have circular chromosomes. Some species of archaeabacteria are thermophilic and can grow beyond the temperature of 100oC. Thus there are several similarities between the archaebacteria and eukaryotes (Reece, et al., 2014). In conclusion, the new system of taxonomic classification is based the differences between the rRNA and some gene sequences. The position of the archaeabacteria as a separate domain has been established based on their similarities with eukaryotes and the eubacteria. The similarities and mutations in the small subunit of rRNA have been extensively studied to establish the domains and form the basis for molecular phylog References Gutell, R. R., Weiser, B., Woese, C. R., Noller, H. F. (1985). Comparative anatomy of 16-S-like ribosomal RNA. Progress in Nucleic Acid Research and Molecular Biology, 32, 155-216. Huet, J., Schnabel, R., Sentenac, A., Zillig, W. (1983). Archaebacteria Accounting eukaryotes possess DNA-dependent RNA polymerases of a common type. EMBO, 2(8): 12911294. Reece, J., Urry, L., Cain, M., Wasserman, S., Minorsky, P., Jackson, R. (2014). Campbell Biology. Pearson. Woese, C., Gutell, R., Gupta, R., Noller, H. (1983). Detailed analysis of the higher-order structure of 16S-like ribosomal ribonucleic acids. Microbiological Reviews, 47(4): 621669. Woese, C., Kandler, O., Wheelis, M. (1990). Towards a natural system of organisms: Proposal for the domains. PNAS, USA, 87: 4576-4579, .